Alternative Expression of Vacuolar Iron Transporter and Ferritin Genes Leads to Blue/Purple Coloration of Flowers in Tulip cv. ‘Murasakizuisho’

Shoji, K.; Momonoi, Kazumi; Tsuji, Tosiaki

doi:10.1093/pcp/pcp181

Cited by 29 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This effect might be caused by transmission of GFP through the plasmodesmata from the transformed cells to their neighbors. Such transmission has been observed in other bombardment experiments on flower petals (Larsen et al, 2003;Nakatsuka et al, 2005;Shoji et al, 2010).…”

Section: Subcellular Localization Of DC Aa5gt and Dg Aa7gt And Expressupporting

confidence: 75%

A Novel Glucosylation Reaction on Anthocyanins Catalyzed by Acyl-Glucose–Dependent Glucosyltransferase in the Petals of Carnation and Delphinium

et al. 2010

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Glucosylation of anthocyanin in carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus) and delphiniums (Delphinium grandiflorum) involves novel sugar donors, aromatic acyl-glucoses, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzymes acyl-glucose-dependent anthocyanin 5 (7)-O-glucosyltransferase (AA5GT and AA7GT). The AA5GT enzyme was purified from carnation petals, and cDNAs encoding carnation Dc AA5GT and the delphinium homolog Dg AA7GT were isolated. Recombinant Dc AA5GT and Dg AA7GT proteins showed AA5GT and AA7GT activities in vitro. Although expression of Dc AA5GT in developing carnation petals was highest at early stages, AA5GT activity and anthocyanin accumulation continued to increase during later stages. Neither Dc AA5GT expression nor AA5GT activity was observed in the petals of mutant carnations; these petals accumulated anthocyanin lacking the glucosyl moiety at the 5 position. Transient expression of Dc AA5GT in petal cells of mutant carnations is expected to result in the transfer of a glucose moiety to the 5 position of anthocyanin. The amino acid sequences of Dc AA5GT and Dg AA7GT showed high similarity to glycoside hydrolase family 1 proteins, which typically act as b-glycosidases. A phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequences suggested that other plant species are likely to have similar acylglucose-dependent glucosyltransferases.

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Section: Subcellular Localization Of DC Aa5gt and Dg Aa7gt And Expressupporting

confidence: 75%

A Novel Glucosylation Reaction on Anthocyanins Catalyzed by Acyl-Glucose–Dependent Glucosyltransferase in the Petals of Carnation and Delphinium

et al. 2010

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“…Murasakizuisho 3,4) may be universal for blue tulip petals. 23) In addition to these blue-colored petals, the yellow and white petals at the inner perianth also accumulated a higher amount of iron than that of the upper part, and TgVit1 mRNA was expressed in these petals. These data may suggest a relationship between the differentiation of the segments of the inner bottom as apparatus for the flower-opening and closing system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Specific Expression of the Vacuolar Iron Transporter, TgVit, Causes Iron Accumulation in Blue-Colored Inner Bottom Segments of Various Tulip Petals

Momonoi¹,

Tsuji²,

Kazuma³

et al. 2012

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

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Several flowers of Tulipa gesneriana exhibit a blue color in the bottom segments of the inner perianth. We have previously reported the inner-bottom tissue-specific iron accumulation and expression of the vacuolar iron transporter, TgVit1, in tulip cv. Murasakizuisho. To clarify whether the TgVit1-dependent iron accumulation and blue-color development in tulip petals are universal, we analyzed anthocyanin, its co-pigment components, iron contents and the expression of TgVit1 mRNA in 13 cultivars which show a blue color in the bottom segments of the inner perianth accompanying yellow- and white-colored inner-bottom petals. All of the blue bottom segments contained the same anthocyanin component, delphinidin 3-rutinoside. The flavonol composition varied with cultivar and tissue part. The major flavonol in the bottom segments of the inner perianth was rutin. The iron content in the upper part was less than that in the bottom segments of the inner perianth. The iron content in the yellow and white petals was higher in the bottom segment of the inner perianth than in the upper tissues. TgVit1 mRNA expression was apparent in all of the bottom tissues of the inner perianth. The result of a reproduction experiment by mixing the constituents suggests that the blue coloration in tulip petals is generally caused by iron complexation to delphinidin 3-rutinoside and that the iron complex is solubilized and stabilized by flavonol glycosides. TgVit1-dependent iron accumulation in the bottom segments of the inner perianth might be controlled by an unknown system that differentiated the upper parts and bottom segments of the inner perianth.

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“…TgVit1 specifically expresses in the epidermal cells of the perianth bottom, and TgFer1 is suppressed at the bottom. 10) Hydrangea macrophylla changes in sepal color depending on the availability of Al 3þ , whose importance to color has been clarified by precise chemical analysis. The extract of the colored protoplasts derived from blue and red sepals were subjected to identify the compounds they contained.…”

Section: Recent Progress In Understanding Flower Color: Metal Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flower Color Modification by Engineering of the Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway: Practical Perspectives

Tanaka¹,

Brugliera²,

Kalc³

et al. 2010

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

146

113

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The status quo of flavonoid biosynthesis as it relates to flower color is reviewed together with a success in modifying flower color by genetic engineering. Flavonoids and their colored class compounds, anthocyanins, are major contributors to flower color. Many plant species synthesize limited kinds of flavonoids, and thus exhibit a limited range of flower color. Since genes regulating flavonoid biosynthesis are available, it is possible to alter flower color by overexpressing heterologous genes and/or down regulating endogenous genes. Transgenic carnations and a transgenic rose that accumulate delphinidin as a result of expressing a flavonoid 3 0 ,5 0 -hydroxylase gene and have novel blue hued flowers have been commercialized. Transgenic Nierembergia accumulating pelargonidin, with novel pink flowers, has also been developed. Although it is possible to generate white, yellow, and pink-flowered torenia plants from blue cultivars by genetic engineering, field trial observations indicate difficulty in obtaining stable phenotypes.

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Alternative Expression of Vacuolar Iron Transporter and Ferritin Genes Leads to Blue/Purple Coloration of Flowers in Tulip cv. ‘Murasakizuisho’

Cited by 29 publications

References 40 publications

A Novel Glucosylation Reaction on Anthocyanins Catalyzed by Acyl-Glucose–Dependent Glucosyltransferase in the Petals of Carnation and Delphinium

A Novel Glucosylation Reaction on Anthocyanins Catalyzed by Acyl-Glucose–Dependent Glucosyltransferase in the Petals of Carnation and Delphinium

Specific Expression of the Vacuolar Iron Transporter, TgVit, Causes Iron Accumulation in Blue-Colored Inner Bottom Segments of Various Tulip Petals

Flower Color Modification by Engineering of the Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway: Practical Perspectives

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