Alternative Al production methods

Rhamdhani, M. Akbar; Dewan, Mohammad A; Brooks, Geoffrey; Monaghan, Brian J; Prentice, Leon H.

doi:10.1179/1743285513y.0000000036

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…It was reported that aluminum nitride (AlN) can be formed by the reaction of Al 2 O 3 and carbon at 1400–1800°C in nitrogen or ammonia flow, and the oxidation of AlN is initiated at 850–900°C . In addition, the carbothermal reduction of Al 2 O 3 must be conducted above 2000°C to form Al 4 C 3 , and Al 4 C 3 is found to be stable to 1000°C in air . In our opinion, as Al 2 O 3 particles exist in the pores of the stabilized PAN fibers, it is unlikely they will be in contact with nitrogen to produce AlN during the carbonization.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Effects of doping aluminum chloride on stabilization and properties of polyacrylonitrile‐based carbon fibers

Chen

Lü

Jiang

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) gel fibers were immersed in 0–2.0 wt % aluminum chloride (AlCl3) aqueous solutions to fabricate Al‐doped PAN fibers and the resultant carbon fibers (CFs) on a continuous production line, and the effects of doping with AlCl3 on the stabilization and properties of PAN‐based CFs were investigated. The Al content in the PAN fibers and in the resultant CFs is 2800 and 5700 ppm, respectively, at 2.0 wt % doping solution concentration. Al compound particles were speculated to exist in the pores of PAN fibers, and they show strong inhibiting effects on both cyclization and oxidation reactions. However, the disadvantages can be overcome by a longer stabilization period or a higher stabilization temperature to produce CFs that have comparable mechanical properties with 2.98–3.20 GPa tensile strength and 210–220 GPa Young's modulus. Thermogravimetric analysis in air shows the weight of CFs increases remarkably from 19.0% to 59.3% at 850°C for Al content 0–1900 ppm, while it gradually decreases over 1900–5700 ppm.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Effects of doping aluminum chloride on stabilization and properties of polyacrylonitrile‐based carbon fibers

Chen

Lü

Jiang

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Other alternative ways to produce aluminum were reviewed. 141,[302][303][304] There were some proof of concept experiments using direct electrochemical reduction (DER) for Fe 305 and Al. 306 DER is a relatively new technique which was first developed and commercialized for Ti production; a recent review on this subject was published.…”

Section: Alternative Electrometallurgical Routesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greener reactants, renewable energies and environmental impact mitigation strategies in pyrometallurgical processes: A review

Harvey

Courchesne

et al. 2022

MRS Energy & Sustainability

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Metals and alloys are among the most technologically important materials for our industrialized societies. They are the most common structural materials used in cars, airplanes and buildings, and constitute the technological core of most electronic devices. They allow the transportation of energy over great distances and are exploited in critical parts of renewable energy technologies. Even though primary metal production industries are mature and operate optimized pyrometallurgical processes, they extensively rely on cheap and abundant carbonaceous reactants (fossil fuels, coke), require high power heating units (which are also typically powered by fossil fuels) to calcine, roast, smelt and refine, and they generate many output streams with high residual energy content. Many unit operations also generate hazardous gaseous species on top of large CO2 emissions which require gas-scrubbing and capture strategies for the future. Therefore, there are still many opportunities to lower the environmental footprint of key pyrometallurgical operations. This paper explores the possibility to use greener reactants such as bio-fuels, bio-char, hydrogen and ammonia in different pyrometallurgical units. It also identifies all recycled streams that are available (such as steel and aluminum scraps, electronic waste and Li-ion batteries) as well as the technological challenges associated with their integration in primary metal processes. A complete discussion about the alternatives to carbon-based reduction is constructed around the use of hydrogen, metallo-reduction as well as inert anode electrometallurgy. The review work is completed with an overview of the different approaches to use renewable energies and valorize residual heat in pyrometallurgical units. Finally, strategies to mitigate environmental impacts of pyrometallurgical operations such as CO2 capture utilization and storage as well as gas scrubbing technologies are detailed. This original review paper brings together for the first time all potential strategies and efforts that could be deployed in the future to decrease the environmental footprint of the pyrometallurgical industry. It is primarily intended to favour collaborative work and establish synergies between academia, the pyrometallurgical industry, decision-makers and equipment providers. Graphical abstract Highlights A more sustainable production of metals using greener reactants, green electricity or carbon capture is possible and sometimes already underway. More investments and pressure are required to hasten change. Discussion Is there enough pressure on the aluminum and steel industries to meet the set climate targets? The greenhouse gas emissions of existing facilities can often be partly mitigated by retrofitting them with green technologies, should we close plants prematurely to build new plants using greener technologies? Since green or renewable resources presently have limited availability, in which sector should we use them to maximize their benefits?

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“…Unfortunately, no correspondingly experimental study of thermal dissociation have been presented up to date. The theoretical decomposition voltage of AlN is 0.75 V at 973 K which is lower than that of Al 2 O 3(s) at the same temperature, but the major challenges is to find the appropriate electrolytes that can dissolve the very stable AlN [12].…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Dynamic simulation and experimental study of a novel Al extraction method from AlN under vacuum

Zhou

et al. 2015

Vacuum

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Alternative Al production methods

Cited by 18 publications

References 74 publications

Effects of doping aluminum chloride on stabilization and properties of polyacrylonitrile‐based carbon fibers

Effects of doping aluminum chloride on stabilization and properties of polyacrylonitrile‐based carbon fibers

Greener reactants, renewable energies and environmental impact mitigation strategies in pyrometallurgical processes: A review

Dynamic simulation and experimental study of a novel Al extraction method from AlN under vacuum

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