Alternating Renewal Process Models for Behavioral Observation: Simulation Methods, Software, and Validity Illustrations

Pustejovsky, James E.; Runyon, Christopher

doi:10.1177/019874291303900406

Cited by 10 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…primary advantage of the ARP is its flexibility. Because it is a model for a stream of behavior, it can be used to simulate the effects of different SDO procedures, such as comparing momentary time sampling to partial interval recording or comparing data based on longer or shorter periods of observation(Meany-Daboul et al, 2007;Pustejovsky & Runyon, 2014). The ARP can also be used to simulate data that approximately conform to the assumptions of the quasi-poisson or quasi-binomial models, with varying degrees of dispersion.…”

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confidence: 99%

An Examination of Measurement Procedures and Characteristics of Baseline Outcome Data in Single-Case Research

2019

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There has been growing interest in using statistical methods to analyze data and estimate effect size indices from studies that use single-case designs (SCDs), as a complement to traditional visual inspection methods. The validity of a statistical method rests on whether its assumptions are plausible representations of the process by which the data were collected, yet there is evidence that some assumptions—particularly regarding normality of error distributions—may be inappropriate for single-case data. To develop more appropriate modeling assumptions and statistical methods, researchers must attend to the features of real SCD data. In this study, we examine several features of SCDs with behavioral outcome measures in order to inform development of statistical methods. Drawing on a corpus of over 300 studies, including approximately 1,800 cases, from seven systematic reviews that cover a range of interventions and outcome constructs, we report the distribution of study designs, distribution of outcome measurement procedures, and features of baseline outcome data distributions for the most common types of measurements used in single-case research. We discuss implications for the development of more realistic assumptions regarding outcome distributions in SCD studies, as well as the design of Monte Carlo simulation studies evaluating the performance of statistical analysis techniques for SCD data.

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confidence: 99%

An Examination of Measurement Procedures and Characteristics of Baseline Outcome Data in Single-Case Research

2019

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“…comparing momentary time sampling to partial interval recording or comparing data based on longer or shorter periods of observation(Meany-Daboul et al, 2007;Pustejovsky & Runyon, 2014). The ARP can also be used to simulate data that approximately conform to the assumptions of the quasi-poisson or quasi-binomial models, with varying degrees of dispersion.…”

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confidence: 99%

An examination of measurement procedures and characteristics of baseline outcome data in single-case research

Pustejovsky

Swan

English

2019

Preprint

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There has been growing interest in using statistical methods to analyze data and estimate effect size indices from studies that use single-case designs (SCDs), as a complement to traditional visual inspection methods. The validity of a statistical method rests on whether its assumptions are plausible representations of the process by which the data were collected, yet there is evidence that some assumptions-particularly regarding normality of error distributions-may be inappropriate for single-case data. To develop more appropriate modelling assumptions and statistical methods, researchers must attend to the features of real SCD data. In this study, we examine several features of SCDs with behavioral outcome measures in order to inform development of statistical methods.Drawing on a corpus of over 300 studies, including approximately 1800 cases, from seven systematic reviews that cover a range of interventions and outcome constructs, we report the distribution of study designs, distribution of outcome measurement procedures, and features of baseline outcome data distributions for the most common types of measurements used in single-case research. We discuss implications for the development of more realistic assumptions regarding outcome distributions in SCD studies, as well as the design of Monte Carlo simulation studies evaluating the performance of statistical analysis techniques for SCED data.

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“…Moreover, the ARP model offers great flexibility in simulating behavioral streams with different characteristics (Pustejovsky and Runyon, 2014). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In relation to point (b), in the ARP model “[a]ll interim times and all event durations are generated in a mutually independent manner, which means that the length of a given event is influenced neither by the length of previous events nor by how long it has been since the last event ended” (Pustejovsky and Runyon, 2014, p. 213).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation Theory Applied to Direct Systematic Observation

Manolov

Losada

2017

Front. Psychol.

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Observational studies entail making several decisions before data collection, such as the observational design to use, the sampling of sessions within the observational period, the need for time sampling within the observation sessions, as well as the observation recording procedures to use. The focus of the present article is on observational recording procedures different from continuous recording (i.e., momentary time sampling, partial and whole interval recording). The main aim is to develop an online software application, constructed using R and the Shiny package, on the basis of simulations using the alternating renewal process (a model implemented in the ARPobservation package). The application offers graphical representations that can be useful to both university students constructing knowledge on Observational Methodology and to applied researchers planning to use discontinuous recording in their studies, because it helps identifying the conditions (e.g., interval length, average duration of the behavior of interest) in which the prevalence of the target behavior is expected to be estimated with less bias or no bias and with more efficiency. The estimation of frequency is another topic covered.

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Alternating Renewal Process Models for Behavioral Observation: Simulation Methods, Software, and Validity Illustrations

Cited by 10 publications

References 32 publications

An Examination of Measurement Procedures and Characteristics of Baseline Outcome Data in Single-Case Research

An Examination of Measurement Procedures and Characteristics of Baseline Outcome Data in Single-Case Research

An examination of measurement procedures and characteristics of baseline outcome data in single-case research

Simulation Theory Applied to Direct Systematic Observation

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