Alternaria alternata causes leaf and fruit blight in makhana

New Bivoltine Hybrids of the Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) Performance at Farmer’s Site

“…Notably, among the bivoltine breeds that exist in the sericulture industry, the highest fecundity an average of 700 and 675 eggs/dfl was recorded, for the first time, from the newly evolved NBH2 and NBH1 respectively, while the other ruling bivoltine breed has the reproductive potential with the number of eggs laid by a moth of CSR2 [3] and FC1 was 610 and 515 (current data). As fecundity is determined by the genotype of the maternal parent and the environmental conditions which the breed experienced is referred to as one of the fitness components reflecting productivity of the newly evolved NBH1 and NBH2 breeds.…”

“…Towards this, intensive efforts have been made to develop more productive bivoltine breeds that have the potential to produce good-quality silk. However, hot climatic conditions prevailing in India has not been favourable to rear these productive bivoltine breeds/hybrids [3] as a result it did not reach the anticipated target of the Seri-Stakeholders [11]. The main constraint for this cause is that, the bivoltine breeds are more susceptible to high temperature coupled with high and low humidity and display poor performance, while many quantitative traits like viability and cocoon traits sharply decline when temperature is higher than 28°C [12].…”

“…Despite, the new NBH1 and NBH2 based double hybrids have been exposed to diverse environmental conditions, qualitative and quantitative features of mulberry leaves, and silkworm rearing management at different farmers level, they not only confer superiority with regard to tolerance to adverse conditions but also exhibit consistency in the expression of productivity with an average cocoon yield of more than 90 kg per 100 dfls, whereas an average estimated cocoon yield for other bivoltine breeds is 60 kg/100 dfls [13] and 66.95 to 78.99 kg/100 dfls [3]. Interestingly, for the bivoltine double hybrid cocoons of NBH produced by the farmers, they bid the highest price in the cocoon market for which all the farmers were happy.…”

“…These multi × bivoltine crossbreeds ruled the commercial market over a long period due to their hardiness thriving well under varied or fluctuating environmental climatic conditions while the cocoon and silk produced remain inferior to bivoltine silkworm breeds. Contrastingly, despite the fact that bivoltine breeds and hybrids could spin better quality cocoons and produces silk than crossbreeds, its performance and success during all the seasons does not reach the assured level [3] due to their poor adaptability to the fluctuating environmental conditions. Thus, farmers are snagging in harvesting an assured cocoon crop throughout the year [4] and aspire seemingly for the breed that could not only thrive well under high temperature but also produce high-quality and quantity of silk [5].…”

In vitro biological control of Cedrus atlantica ‘s lignivorous fungi by the extracted essential oils from the infected wood

“…The genus Alternaria is renowned for its pathogenicity (Lakshmi Prasad et al 2020; Kumar et al 2022). Alternaria tenuissima is a plant pathogenic fungus (Patriarca 2016; Kumar et al 2021), it causes the Alternaria rot of potato tubers, characterised by potato degradation and yield reduction (Leng et al 2022). It is also known in China as the most dominant causal agent of watermelon leaf blight (Ma et al 2020); as for apples, it is the causal agent of diseases causing significant economic losses (Pavicich, Nielsen, et Patriarca 2022).…”