“…In addition to the studies cited above, there have, of course, been a large number of studies focusing on the phonological status and phonetic quality of the (European) French nasal vowels. These studies are largely based on laboratory speech and provide a wealth of descriptive detail on the nasal vowels, examining them from a variety of perspectives: speech perception (Delvaux et al, 2004;Woehrling and Boula de Mareüil, 2006;Delvaux, 2009); articulatory phonetics (Maeda, 1990;Teston and Demolin, 1997;Montagu, 2004;Delvaux et al, 2002;Delvaux et al, 2008;Carignan, 2013); acoustic phonetics (Longchamp, 1979;Maeda, 1982Maeda, , 1993Montagu, 2007); phonology (Durand, 1988(Durand, , 2009Delais-Roussarie and Durand, 2003;Durand and Eychenne, 2011). In the fields of articulatory and acoustic phonetics, there is much emphasis placed on the mapping of articulatory gestures onto acoustic cues for nasalization and thus many of the studies cited above fall into both categories.…”