Altering the Fatty Acids in Milk Fat by Including Canola Seed in Dairy Cattle Diets

Abstract

The objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding ground canola seed on the fatty acid profile, yield, and composition of milk from dairy cows. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows (548.3 +/- 11.9 kg body weight and 28 +/- 9 d in lactation) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: Control (CON) or ground canola seed treatment (GCS) with 14% [of diet dry matter (DM)] of the total ration as ground canola seed containing 34% lipid. Diets contained 20% crude protein, but varied in net energy as a result of fat content differences of 2.5% and 6.4% (DM) for CON and GCS, respectively. Diets were composed of corn, corn silage, alfalfa (50:50 ground hay and haylage, DM basis), soybean and blood meal, and vitamins and minerals. Mechanically extruded canola meal was used in the CON diet to adjust for the protein from canola seed in the GCS diet. Cows were housed in tie-stalls and fed and milked twice daily for 10 wk. The inclusion of ground canola seed did not alter DM intake, weight gain, or body condition score of cows. Milk fat from GCS cows had greater proportions of long-chain fatty acids (> or = 18 carbons) and a lower ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids. Feeding GCS reduced the proportion of short- and medium-chain fatty acids. Milk fat from cows fed GCS had a greater proportion of vaccenic acid and tended to have a higher proportion of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid. Actual and 3.5% fat-corrected milk yields were similar between treatments. The milk fat and protein percentages were lower for GCS cows, but total yield of these components was similar between treatments. Milk urea nitrogen was lower and serum urea nitrogen tended to be lower in cows fed canola seed. Serum glucose, insulin, and nonesterified fatty acids were not altered, but serum triglycerides were higher in GCS cows. Ammonia and total volatile fatty acids tended to be lower in ruminal fluid from GCS cows; rumen pH was unchanged. Feeding canola seed to lactating dairy cows resulted in milk fat with higher proportions of healthful fatty acids without affecting milk yield or composition of milk.

Effect of replacing calcium salts of palm oil distillate with incremental amounts of conventional or high oleic acid milled rapeseed on milk fatty acid composition in cows fed maize silage-based diets

“…A lack of change in milk fat trans-11 18:1 content has been reported in cows fed milled rapeseeds even when a similar amount of lipid in the form of rapeseed oil enhanced the concentration of this biohydrogenation intermediate in milk (Givens et al, 2009). Previous studies have also reported that ground rapeseeds have no effect (Collomb et al, 2004) or result in marginal increases in milk fat trans-11 18:1 concentrations (Chichlowski et al, 2005).…”

“…Ground rapeseeds have been shown to reduce fat corrected milk yield, milk fat and protein content in the absence of changes in DM intake (Chichlowski et al, 2005). However, supplements of milled rapeseeds and wheat were reported to stimulate higher DM intake compared with the same amount of lipid in the diet as rapeseed oil (Givens et al, 2009).…”

Conjugated linoleic acid content in milk of Chilean Black Friesian cows under pasture conditions and supplemented with canola seed (Brassica napus) concentrate

“…This may be due to similar input fiber and energy of the total ration in each of the experiments, as was suggested by Murphy et al (2008). In other study that compared the use of canola seeds treated with alkaline peroxide vs. ground canola grain (2.4 kg d -1 ) in TMR diets, there was no differences on the percentage of milk fat (Aldrich et al, 1997), while the use of ground canola seed compared to canola meal extracted, decreased the percentage of fat (Chichlowski et al, 2005;Neves et al, 2009). Lerch et al (2012a) observed higher milk fat contents in cows receiving cold-pressed fat-rich canola seed meal and whole unprocessed canola seeds compared with other treatments.…”

“…For instance, it has been reported that fresh forage (Khanal et al, 2005;Dewhurst et al, 2006;Butler et al, 2008; Conjugated linoleic acid content in milk of Chilean Black Friesian cows under pasture conditions and supplemented with canola seed (Brassica napus) concentrate Rego et al, 2008) and diets supplemented with plant oils, high in linoleic acid Stanton et al, 2003) increase CLA concentration in milk fat. Within the seeds of oilseeds, rapeseed (Brassica napus) has been used in TMR (total mixed ration) diets in dairy cows (Bayourthe et al, 2000, Chouinard et al, 2001Ward et al, 2002;Chichlowski et al, 2005;Chen et al, 2008;Neves et al, 2009;Lerch et al, 2012b). However, the information about its utilization as a supplement under grazing conditions is limited and contradictory (Stanton et al, 1997;Lawless et al, 1998;Fearon et al, 2004;Lerch et al, 2012b).…”

Omega 3, 6, 9 Enhanced Goat Meat (Omega-Chevon) from Flaxseed and Canola Fed Meat Goats

“…The fatty acid composition of canola oil is made up of less than 10% SFA, 8%-10% PUFA in a ratio of linoleic to linolenic acids between 4:1 and 10:1, the remainder being MUFA. Studies have shown that canola has human (Bourre, 2005(Bourre, , 2007Damude & Kinney, 2007;de Lorgeril & Salen, 2004;Flickinger, 2007;Garman, Mulroney, Manigrasso, Flynn, & Maric, 2009;Gebauer, Psota, Harris, & Kris-Etherton, 2006;Ghafoorunissa, 1998;Gillingham, Gustafson, Han, Jassal, & Jones, 2011;Ristić-Medić, Ristić, & Tepsić, 2003) and animal health benefits and have been manipulated in animal diets to produce fat healthy animal products for human consumption (Bourre, 2005;Chichlowski, Schroeder, Park, Keller, & Schimek, 2005;Meadus et al, 2010). As with flaxseed,…”