Abstract:Background
Demand for Cocoa butter is steadily increasing, but the supply of cocoa beans is naturally limited and under threat from global warming. One route to meeting the future demand for cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) could be to utilize microbial cell factories such as the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica.
Results
The main goal was to achieve triacyl-glycerol (TAG) storage lipids in Y. lipolytica mimicking cocoa butter. This was accomplishe… Show more
“…of the desaturases can massively alter the fatty acid profile. 26 , 32 , 33 Our results show that urea can be used as a drop-in nitrogen source instead of ammonium sulfate without massively altering the storage lipid profile.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 72%
“…food oils. 26 In these cases, nitrogen starvation is used to trigger lipid production to achieve high lipid titers. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, the obese strain (OKYL049) showed significant changes in C16:0 and C18:2 between the two nitrogen sources.…”
“…of the desaturases can massively alter the fatty acid profile. 26 , 32 , 33 Our results show that urea can be used as a drop-in nitrogen source instead of ammonium sulfate without massively altering the storage lipid profile.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 72%
“…food oils. 26 In these cases, nitrogen starvation is used to trigger lipid production to achieve high lipid titers. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, the obese strain (OKYL049) showed significant changes in C16:0 and C18:2 between the two nitrogen sources.…”
“…Although there are still many barriers to settle for further improving the accumulation of nutritional fatty acids in Y. lipolytica , significant advances have been made. For example, many natural food substitutes, such as human milk fat substitutes and cocoa butter equivalents, have been produced by Y. lipolytica [ 96 , 97 ]. Nowadays, many emerging synthetic biology tools and gene editing technologies are on their way to become standard laboratory techniques for metabolic engineering of Y. lipolytica .…”
Section: Challenges and Future Perspectivesmentioning
“…A part of the previous studies on Y. lipolytica enabled switching the fatty acid composition by metabolic engineering strategies. These approaches were mainly focused on the manipulation of the elongation and desaturation pathway [ 30 , 31 ]. Additionally, Ochsenreither et al [ 19 ] reported that temperature and the composition of the medium lead to variation in fatty acid composition.…”
Background
The use of palm oil for our current needs is unsustainable. Replacing palm oil with oils produced by microbes through the conversion of sustainable feedstocks is a promising alternative. However, there are major technical challenges that must be overcome to enable this transition. Foremost among these challenges is the stark increase in lipid accumulation and production of higher content of specific fatty acids. Therefore, there is a need for more in-depth knowledge and systematic exploration of the oil productivity of the oleaginous yeasts. In this study, we cultivated Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus and Yarrowia lipolytica at various C/N ratios and temperatures in a defined medium with glycerol as carbon source and urea as nitrogen source. We ascertained the synergistic effect between various C/N ratios of a defined medium at different temperatures with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and explored the variation in fatty acid composition through Principal Component Analysis.
Results
By applying RSM, we determined a temperature of 30 °C and a C/N ratio of 175 g/g to enable maximal oil production by C. oleaginosus and a temperature of 21 °C and a C/N ratio of 140 g/g for Y. lipolytica. We increased production by 71% and 66% respectively for each yeast compared to the average lipid accumulation in all tested conditions. Modulating temperature enabled us to steer the fatty acid compositions. Accordingly, switching from higher temperature to lower cultivation temperature shifted the production of oils from more saturated to unsaturated by 14% in C. oleaginosus and 31% in Y. lipolytica. Higher cultivation temperatures resulted in production of even longer saturated fatty acids, 3% in C. oleaginosus and 1.5% in Y. lipolytica.
Conclusions
In this study, we provided the optimum C/N ratio and temperature for C. oleaginosus and Y. lipolytica by RSM. Additionally, we demonstrated that lipid accumulation of both oleaginous yeasts was significantly affected by the C/N ratio and temperature. Furthermore, we systematically analyzed the variation in fatty acids composition and proved that changing the C/N ratio and temperature steer the composition. We have further established these oleaginous yeasts as platforms for production of tailored fatty acids.
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