“…Furthermore, uncontrollable auditory stimuli can elevate stress responses (Arguelles, Ibeas, Ottone, & Chekherdemian, 1962;Breier et al, 1987;Rylander, 2004;Westman & Walters, 1981) and may disrupt dopaminergic mechanisms (Arnsten et al, 1998) and cognitive functioning (Glass, Reim, & Singer, 1971). Whereas in studies using other well-validated stress manipulations, such as the cold pressor task (e.g., Byrne, Cornwall, & Worthy, 2019;Lighthall et al, 2013) or the Trier social test (e.g., Kruse, Tapia León, Stalder, Stark, & Klucken, 2018;Petzold et al, 2010), stress induction precedes task-solving (hence, learning), in our study we ensured that the stress induction occurred throughout the task, i.e. concurrently with learning.…”