Altered pulmonary defense system in lung injury induced by didecyldimethylammonium chloride in mice

Abstract

Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), a representative dialkyl-quaternary ammonium compound (QAC), could contaminate working atmospheres when used in disinfectant operation and adversely affect human health. Furthermore, the development of bacteria resistant to DDAC might become public health concern. We postulated that DDAC instillation in the lungs alters pulmonary antioxidant and antimicrobial responses and increases susceptibility to systemic administration of a bacterial component lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Mice were intratracheally instilled with DDAC and sacrificed 1, 3, or 7 days after treatment. Pulmonary cytotoxicity in recovered bronchoalveolar lavage was evident on Days 1 and 7, and inflammatory cell influx and interleukin-6 expression peaked on Day 7, in association with altered antioxidant and antimicrobial responses, as demonstrated by measuring heme oxygenase-1, glutathione peroxidase 2, lactoferrin, and mouse β-defensin-2 and -3 mRNA in the lung samples. The impaired defense system tended to enhance the inflammatory reaction caused by a systemic administration of LPS; the effect was in association with increased expression of toll-like receptor-4 mRNA. The results suggest that DDAC alters pulmonary defense system, which may contribute to susceptibility to an exogenous infectious agent.

Inhalation Toxicity of Humidifier Disinfectants as a Risk Factor of Children’s Interstitial Lung Disease in Korea: A Case-Control Study

“…[9], [11] Their manufacturers recommend their dilution, typically 5 mL of HD in 3 L of distilled water. PHMG and PGH are well-known disinfectants for the treatment of various medical conditions, and their use dates back to the late 19th century.…”

Pulmonary toxicity screening of triclosan in rats after intratracheal instillation

“…2B). Despite the differences in material and experiment design, Ohnuma et al (2010Ohnuma et al ( , 2011 reported that decyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) which is used as a germicide causes lung fibrosis including change of BALF cells, level of LDH and TP concentration in BALF after intratracheal instillation. However, in histopathological examination, our results were not found to be treatment-related lesions in the lungs at higher exposure dose compared with DDAC study (data not shown).…”

Evaluation of the irritancy and hypersensitivity potential following topical application of didecyldimethylammonium chloride

“…DDAC is a broad-spectrum bactericidal and fungicidal biocide that exhibits antimicrobial activity against several pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Walsh et al 2003), Legionella pneumophilia (Skaliy et al 1980), Stachybotrys chartarum and enveloped and non-enveloped viruses (Argy et al 1999). It is used in several types of applications including: industrial processes, swimming pools and aquatic areas, wood treatment, healthcare and food handling and storage (Ohnuma et al 2011). …”

“…A study conducted by Ohnuma et al (2011) examined the pulmonary defense system following a single intratracheal instillation of DDAC (60 and 150 μg/kg) in C57BL/6J mice. Those authors found that exposure to the high dose induced lung injury as early as 1-d post-exposure, as evidenced by increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and protein concentrations in the bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid.…”