Altered Lipid Composition in a Non-differentiating Derivative of Streptomyces hygroscopicus

Gräfe, U.; Reinhardt, G.; Krebs, D.; Roth, Martin; Noack, D.

doi:10.1099/00221287-128-11-2693

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…Some of our first results are different because of a less comprehensive characterization and the use of older techniques (13). The lipid and fatty acid components of various normal Streptomyces species have been studied intensively (1,6,10,22,25,26,30). In most cases, whole cells were used for extraction.…”

Section: Vol 179 1997 Lipid Composition Of Streptomyces Membranes 3433mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid and fatty acid composition of cytoplasmic membranes from Streptomyces hygroscopicus and its stable protoplast-type L form

Hoischen¹,

Gura²,

Luge³

et al. 1997

J Bacteriol

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The cells of an L-form strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus have been grown for 20 years without a cell wall. Their cytoplasmic membranes have high stability and an unusual structural polymorphism. To clarify the importance of the lipid components for these membrane properties, a comparative analysis has been carried out with purified membranes of L-form cells, of parent vegetative hyphal cells (N-form cells), and of protoplasts derived from the latter. The phospholipid classes and fatty acids were determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), two-dimensional TLC, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The qualitative compositions of cardiolipin (CL), lyso-cardiolipin (LCL), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE1 and PE2), lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), phosphatidylinositolmannoside (PIM), phosphatidic acid (PA), dilyso-cardiolipin-phosphatidylinositol (DLCL-PI), and the 13 main fatty acids were the same in the three membrane types. However, significant quantitative differences were observed in the L-form membrane. They consist of a three-to fourfold-higher content of total, extractable lipids, 20% more phospholipids, an increased content of CL and PIM, and a reduced amount of the component DLCL-PI. Furthermore, the L-form membrane is characterized by a higher content of branched anteiso 15:0 and anteiso 17:0 fatty acids compared to that of the membranes of the walled vegetative cells. These fatty acids have lower melting points than their straight and iso-branched counterparts and make the membrane more fluid. The phospholipid composition of the protoplast membrane differs quantitatively from that of the N form and the L form. Whereas the phospholipid classes are mostly similar to that of the N form, the fatty acid pattern tends to be closer to that of the L-form membrane. The membranes of both the L-form cells and the protoplasts need to be more fluid because of their spherical cell shape and higher degree of curvature compared with N-form membranes.Streptomycetes are bacteria characterized by a high degree of morphological and biochemical differentiation. Streptomyces hygroscopicus grows as branched hyphae, and it is able to form an aerial mycelium and spores. It produces several secondary metabolites, especially the antibiotic turimycin. The vegetative cells are 3-to 20-m-long hyphal units surrounded by a cytoplasmic membrane and a typical 30-nm-thick cell wall. From this species, we could isolate an L-form strain, which is able to propagate as cell wall-less, spherical, or pleomorphic cells on agar media as well as in liquid media under shaking conditions (2, 12).The stable protoplast type L-form strain is the result of an adaptive process. It has lost, irreversibly, the capability to resynthesize cell wall structures, and it represents a genetically stable mutant showing extreme pleomorphic alterations. These involve cell and colony morphology, growth behavior, biochemical activities, and an incapability to form spores and secondary metabolites (12, 13). In particu...

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Section: Vol 179 1997 Lipid Composition Of Streptomyces Membranes 3433mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid and fatty acid composition of cytoplasmic membranes from Streptomyces hygroscopicus and its stable protoplast-type L form

Hoischen¹,

Gura²,

Luge³

et al. 1997

J Bacteriol

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“…1973) but may be caused also by genetic changes. Thus, the non-differentiating derivative CCl (Amy-Tur-) of the turimycin-producing and aerial-mycelium-forming Streptomyces hygroscopicus J A -6599 NGBO-93 (Amy+Tur+) has been reported to differ from the parent strain by the reduced portion of mycelial 12-methyltetradecanoic acid (aC15: 0) during growth on a synthetic medium (GRAFE et al 1982a). Otherwise, the ratio of the 12-methyltetradecanoic acid (aC15:O) to isopalmitic acid (iC16: 0) was elevated in the non-differentiating and non-streptomycin-producing derivatives (Amy-Str-) of Streptomyces griseus HP (Amy+Str+) as compared with their ancestor (GRAFE et d. 1982b).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of L‐valine and L‐isoleucine on fatty acid composition of Streptomyces hygroscopicus and S. griseus

Gräfe

Roth

Krebs

1982

J of Basic Microbiology

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The effects of L-valine and L-isoleucine on the composition of mycelial fatty acids were investigated during growth of differentiating parent strains of Streptomyces hygroscopicus and Streptomyces griseus as well as their non-differentiating derivatives (Amy-strains) on a synthetic medium. Both in the Amy+ and Amy-strains, in the presence of t-valine, the portion of the isopalmitic acid (iC16:O) increased, but the addition of L-isoleucine led to an elevated level of the 12-methyltetradecanoic acid (aC15 :O). The results suggest that the genetically determined alterations in the ratio of both fatty acids in the non-differentiating derivatives may be due to specific changes in the biosynthetic pathways of both amino acid precursors rather than due to changes of their catabolism.Lipids from streptomycetes are known to contain methyl-branched is0 and anteiso fatty acids (BATRAKOV and BERGELSON 1978) whose ratio appears to play a crucial role in the regulation of membrane-associated functions (ARIMA et al. 1973, OKAZAKI et al. 1973,1974. Alterations in the composition of fatty acids may be due not only to changes of the environment (KOVALTCHUR et aZ. 1973) but may be caused also by genetic changes. Thus, the non-differentiating derivative CCl (Amy-Tur-) of the turimycin-producing and aerial-mycelium-forming Streptomyces hygroscopicus J A -6599 NGBO-93 (Amy+Tur+) has been reported to differ from the parent strain by the reduced portion of mycelial 12-methyltetradecanoic acid (aC15: 0) during growth on a synthetic medium (GRAFE et al. 1982a). Otherwise, the ratio of the 12-methyltetradecanoic acid (aC15:O) to isopalmitic acid (iC16: 0) was elevated in the non-differentiating and non-streptomycin-producing derivatives (Amy-Str-) of Streptomyces griseus HP (Amy+Str+) as compared with their ancestor (GRAFE et d. 1982b). These results suggested that differentiation in streptoriiycetes requires as a prerequisite that the cells are capable of exactly regulating the composition of the above niycelial fatty acids even under partial nutrient limitation, e. g. in the absence of particular precursors of the fatty acids in the medium.Although both fatty acids (aC15:O and iC16:O) are known to originate from isoleucine via 2-methylbutyryl coenzyme A and, respectively, from isobutyryl coenzyme A via valine, it seemed not clear from the above publications whether the biosynthesis of the amino acid precursors or their catabolisni has been subject to genetic changes. If the degradation of both amino acids would play a major role in the regulation of fatty acid composition, it could be expected that Amy+ or Amy-strains would display a different response to feeding with L-valine and L-isoleucine. On the other hand, if changes in the biosynthesis of both amino acids would be responsible for the altered

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“…CL is widespread in actinomycetes and ubiquitous in Streptomyces . Its presence has been reported in diverse species such as S. griseus [29], S. albus , S. fradiae , S. rimosus , S. somaliensis [30] and S. hygroscopicus [31, 32]. …”

Section: Phospholipid Biosynthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowns and unknowns of membrane lipid synthesis in streptomycetes

2017

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Bacteria belonging to the genus Streptomyces are among the most prolific producers of antibiotics. Research on cellular membrane biosynthesis and turnover is lagging behind in Streptomyces compared to related organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While natural products discovery in Streptomyces is evidently a priority in order to discover new antibiotics to combat the increase in antibiotic resistant pathogens, a better understanding of this cellular compartment should provide insights into the interplay between core and secondary metabolism. However, some of the pathways for membrane lipid biosynthesis are still incomplete. In addition, while it has become clear that remodelling of the membrane is necessary for coping with environmental stress and for morphological differentiation, the detailed mechanisms of these adaptations remain elusive. Here, we aim to provide a summary of what is known about the polar lipid composition in Streptomyces, the biosynthetic pathways of polar lipids, and to highlight current gaps in understanding function, dynamics and biosynthesis of these essential molecules.

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Altered Lipid Composition in a Non-differentiating Derivative of Streptomyces hygroscopicus

Cited by 10 publications

References 7 publications

Lipid and fatty acid composition of cytoplasmic membranes from Streptomyces hygroscopicus and its stable protoplast-type L form

Lipid and fatty acid composition of cytoplasmic membranes from Streptomyces hygroscopicus and its stable protoplast-type L form

Effect of L‐valine and L‐isoleucine on fatty acid composition of Streptomyces hygroscopicus and S. griseus

Knowns and unknowns of membrane lipid synthesis in streptomycetes

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