Altered inorganic composition of dental enamel and dentin in primary teeth from girls with Turner syndrome

Abstract

In Turner syndrome (TS) one X-chromosome is missing or defective. The amelogenin gene, located on the X-chromosome, plays a key role during the formation of dental enamel. The aim of this study was to find support for the hypothesis that impaired expression of the X-chromosome influences mineral incorporation during amelogenesis and, indirectly, during dentinogenesis. Primary tooth enamel and dentin from girls with TS were analysed and compared with the enamel and dentin of primary teeth from healthy girls. Qualitative and quantitative changes in the composition of TS enamel were found, in addition to morphological differences. Higher frequencies of subsurface lesions and rod-free zones were seen in TS enamel using polarized light microscopy. Similarly, scanning electron microscopy showed that the enamel rods from TS teeth were of atypical sizes and directions. Using X-ray microanalysis, high levels of calcium and phosphorus, and low levels of carbon, were found in both TS enamel and dentin. Using microradiography, a lower degree of mineralization was found in TS enamel. Rule induction analysis was performed to identify characteristic element patterns for TS. Low values of carbon were the most critical attributes for the outcome TS. The conclusion was that impaired expression of the X-chromosome has an impact on dental hard tissue formation.

Effects of Er:YAG Laser on Mineral Content of Sound Dentin in Primary Teeth

“…there are some reports related to the concentration of trace element in primary teeth of children with healty, different conditions and/or syndromes [24–28]. In addition, However, the effect of Er:YAG laser on the mineral content of sound dentin in primary teeth has not been studied yet.…”

Select clinical features in the craniofacial region in women with Turner syndrome

“…Higher calcium and phosphorus levels and lower carbon content were the most important features of teeth in patients with TS. The effect of such a biochemical configuration is higher tooth hardness [26]. Dumanic J. et al observed a shortening of the sella--basion and an increase in the angle of its base as well as double-jawed retrognathism in patients with TS [27].…”

Comparison of the chemical composition of normal enamel from exfoliated primary teeth and teeth affected with early childhood caries: an in vitro study

“…The samples were removed from the storage media, washed thoroughly with deionised water, and air-dried at room temperature. All 80 samples were subjected to three cycles of gold sputter-coating and were then transferred for energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) 20,27 . The elemental composition of the major elements Ca, P, C, and O in the available sound enamel surface was quantified with a LEICA S440 scanning electron microscope (Leica Cambridge Ltd., Clifton Road, Cambridge, UK) equipped with an EDAX X-MAX detector at 509 magnification, 20 kV of accelerating voltage, 35°elevation, and a 5-second process time.…”

“…These defects render the tooth more vulnerable to the early colonisation of cariogenic bacteria at the susceptible hypoplastic areas, leading to ECC, a condition that has been termed 'HAS-ECC' (hypoplasia-associated severe early childhood caries) 16 . Such developmental defects alter the composition of enamel to various degrees, both elemental and organic [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] .…”