Altered gut microbiome accompanying with placenta barrier dysfunction programs pregnant complications in mice caused by graphene oxide

Maternal gut microbiota Bifidobacterium promotes placental morphogenesis, nutrient transport and fetal growth in mice

“…In fact, all GF dams had at least one resorption, whilst B. breve reduced the appearance of resorptions by 50% (Figure 1C and Figure S2). No evidence of intrauterine death, defined as a lack of fetal vascular flow in the yolk sac vessels, or macerated fetus were found (classification of resorption or fetal death was based on previous work 15 ). Compared to SPF and BIF mice, GF fetuses were growth restricted, hypoglycaemic and had reduced liver weight, but had preserved brain size (Figure 1D-F).…”

Graphene family in cancer therapy: recent progress in cancer gene/drug delivery applications

“…[265][266][267][268] Determining and researching these properties is crucial when discussing the use of these nanomaterials in biomedicine, since even a short period of adjacency with body cells and tissues can lead to inflammation, irritation, toxicity, and teratogenicity. 269,270 The fact that graphene derivatives can elicit systemic effects should not be neglected, since several processes will be implicated, including absorption, distribution in different organs, and excretion. Even more important, in in vivo therapies, the duration of exposure to nanomaterials is far greater which can lead to genotoxic, epigenetic, and carcinogenic effects or even blood hemolysis, thrombosis, and coagulation.…”

“…The gastrointestinal system was the primary focus of the investigations conducted in this field, while a few papers have expanded their scope to include studies on the liver, 288 kidneys, 289 gut microbiota, and reproduction system. 270 The results were inconclusive due to many reasons such as the usage of varying dosages and substances. However, the mechanisms used in causing toxicity were found to be apoptosis, oxidative damage, and inflammation that could result in increased gut permeability, decreased number of intestinal crypts, shorter villi, or histopathological abnormalities.…”

“…In terms of reproductive and developmental toxicity, oral consumption of GO in mice during gestational days 7–16 resulted in the lowered weight of dam and living fetuses, an increase in fetal mortality rates, and delayed skeletal development, and these effects were shown to be dose-dependent. 270 Graphene derivatives may also be orally consumed in other ways due to their probable presence in all levels of the food chain. We must keep in mind that the discharge of graphene-based nanomaterials into the water and soil near industrial sites generating graphene derivatives, in particular GO, can be harmful to the ecosystem and its organisms.…”

Reproductive and Developmental Nanotoxicity of Carbon Nanoparticles

“…Liu et al orally administered pregnant mice with GO that caused dose-dependent complications, such as decreased dam and the live fetus, fetal skeletal malformations, increased number of resorbed embryos, and dead fetuses. The authors demonstrated that this pathological effect was mediated by an alteration of the gut microbiome, which was associated with impaired placental barrier function [ 82 ]. Fu et al orally exposed lactating mice to GOs (0.5 mg/mL) which was associated with retardation of the increase of body weight and length, and length of the tail of filial mice, thus development was delayed.…”