Altered growth patterns of a mountain Ok population of Papua New Guinea over 25 years of change

Adhikari, Amita; Sen, Ananda; Brumbaugh, Robert C.; Schwartz, Jessica

doi:10.1002/ajhb.21134

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The same may be stated when the Una and Ketengban 1995 anthropometric data are pooled and compared with the 1975 group. This height increment seems to match the results of previous studies concerning secular trends in NG populations (Ulijaszek 1993), although the observation of altered growth patterns in the Ok pygmoid group over 25 years recorded growth acceleration but no significant increase in final adult height (Adhikari et al 2011). However, when the Una and Ketengban are considered in the wider context of Western New Guinea human morphological variability, they still stand apart for both their low body dimensions and head morphology.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Mountain Pygmies of Western New Guinea: A Morphological and Molecular Approach

Tommaseo-Ponzetta¹,

Mona²,

Calabrese³

et al. 2013

Human Biology

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The presence of "pygmy" or pygmoid groups among New Guinea populations has been the object of scientific interest since the end of the nineteenth century. Morphological and molecular data are used here to study western New Guinea population variability, focusing in particular on two pygmoid groups living in the eastern fringe highlands of Papua: the Una and the Ketengban. Various kinds of anthropometric data are examined, as well as height, weight, and body mass index, to carry out comparisons with nearby ethnic groups living in the highland and lowland regions. The Ketengban data were also compared with other data recorded 20 years before. The results of previous research on the sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA hypervariable segment 1 region and nuclear DNA nonrecombining Y-chromosome polymorphisms are presented. Both morphological and molecular studies involve adult subjects of both genders, representative of the same ethnic groups and/ or geographic regions.The pygmoid groups turn out to be significantly different from all other study groups, due to their small size, as confirmed by analysis of variance, although significant height and weight increments are observed with respect to those previously recorded. However, putative neutral genetic variation estimated from mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome markers support a recent shared common history between these pygmoid populations and the other central Papua groups (except for the Dani-Lani). These findings suggest that the short-stature phenotype is an independent secondary adaptation, possibly driven by an iodinedeficient environment, which leaves the potential for further investigations. Abstract The presence of "pygmy" or pygmoid groups among New Guinea populations has been the object of scientific interest since the end of the nineteenth century. Morphological and molecular data are used here to study western New Guinea population variability, focusing in particular on two pygmoid groups living in the eastern fringe highlands of Papua: the Una and the Ketengban. Various kinds of anthropometric data are examined, as well as height, weight, and body mass index, to carry out comparisons with nearby ethnic groups living in the highland and lowland regions. The Ketengban data were also compared with other data recorded 20 years before. The results of previous research on the sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA hypervariable segment 1 region and nuclear DNA nonrecombining Y-chromosome polymorphisms are presented. Both morphological and molecular studies involve adult subjects of both genders, representative of the same ethnic groups and/ or geographic regions. The pygmoid groups turn out to be significantly different from all other study groups, due to their small size, as confirmed by analysis of variance, although significant height and weight increments are observed with respect to those previously recorded. However, putative neutral genetic variation estimated from mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome markers support a recent shared common history ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Mountain Pygmies of Western New Guinea: A Morphological and Molecular Approach

Tommaseo-Ponzetta¹,

Mona²,

Calabrese³

et al. 2013

Human Biology

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“…1A). The STAT5a and STAT5b isoforms share 91% amino acid identity (Grimley et al, 1999) and have both redundant and distinct functions (Adhikari et al, 2011; Hennighausen and Robinson, 2008; Teglund et al, 1998). Increased STAT5 occupancy on Socs2 is accompanied by a GH-induced increase in the occupancy of tyrosyl phosphorylated STAT5 (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reciprocal occupancy of BCL6 and STAT5 on Growth Hormone target genes: contrasting transcriptional outcomes and promoter-specific roles of p300 and HDAC3

Lin

LaPensee

Qin

et al. 2014

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

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Expression of the Growth Hormone (GH)-stimulated gene Socs2 (Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 2) is mediated by the transcription activator STAT5 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5) and the transcription repressor BCL6 (B-Cell Lymphoma 6). ChIP-Sequencing identified Cish (Cytokine-Inducible SH2-containing protein) and Bcl6 as having similar patterns of reciprocal occupancy by BCL6 and STAT5 in response to GH, though GH stimulates Cish and inhibits Bcl6 expression. The co-activator p300 occupied Socs2, Cish and Bcl6 promoters, and enhanced STAT5-mediated activation of Socs2 and Cish. In contrast, on Bcl6, p300 functioned as a repressor and inhibited in conjunction with STAT5 or BCL6. The co-repressor HDAC3 (Histone deacetylase 3) inhibited the Socs2, Cish and Bcl6 promoters in the presence of STAT5. Thus transcriptional outcomes on GH-regulated genes occupied by BCL6 and STAT5 are determined in a promoter-specific fashion by co-regulatory proteins which mediate the distinction between activating and repressive transcription factors.

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“…Using international standards derived from non-pygmy populations for MUAC, cutoffs would likely have led to overestimating malnutrition prevalence within our sample, because growth trajectories differ between pygmies and non-pygmies98; among pygmies, average MUAC is lower than international standards across sexes and all ages greater than 5 years old 70,71. Without knowing how Batwa ethnicity and inadequate nutrient intake respectively contributed to individuals' MUACs, we lacked a basis for interpreting observed MUAC measurements in the context of international cutoff values and accordingly, identifying wasting in an absolute sense.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In undernourished populations, MUAC outperforms body mass index (BMI) as an anthropometric measure for acute nutritional status among children and adults and as a prognostic indicator for malnutrition-related outcomes 68. It has been used frequently within pygmy populations,69–71 among whom BMI and its prognostic indications have not been validated. Our analysis used relative MUAC within the study population, a technique validated in prior work with children and adults,72–75 because there is debate concerning optimal MUAC cutoff points for signifying acute malnutrition, how such cutoffs differ between women and men,76–80 and the fact that there is no evidence that non-pygmy–derived MUAC cutoffs are valid within pygmy populations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative Undernourishment and Food Insecurity Associations with Plasmodium falciparum Among Batwa Pygmies in Uganda: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Survey

Lewnard¹,

Ford²,

Lwasa³

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Although malnutrition and malaria co-occur among individuals and populations globally, effects of nutritional status on risk for parasitemia and clinical illness remain poorly understood. We investigated associations between Plasmodium falciparum infection, nutrition, and food security in a cross-sectional survey of 365 Batwa pygmies in Kanungu District, Uganda in January of 2013. We identified 4.1% parasite prevalence among individuals over 5 years old. Severe food insecurity was associated with increased risk for positive rapid immunochromatographic test outcome (adjusted relative risk [ARR] = 13.09; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 2.23–76.79). High age/sex-adjusted mid-upper arm circumference was associated with decreased risk for positive test among individuals who were not severely food-insecure (ARR = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.19–0.69). Within Batwa pygmy communities, where malnutrition and food insecurity are common, individuals who are particularly undernourished or severely food-insecure may have elevated risk for P. falciparum parasitemia. This finding may motivate integrated control of malaria and malnutrition in low-transmission settings.

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Altered growth patterns of a mountain Ok population of Papua New Guinea over 25 years of change

Cited by 7 publications

References 39 publications

Mountain Pygmies of Western New Guinea: A Morphological and Molecular Approach

Mountain Pygmies of Western New Guinea: A Morphological and Molecular Approach

Reciprocal occupancy of BCL6 and STAT5 on Growth Hormone target genes: contrasting transcriptional outcomes and promoter-specific roles of p300 and HDAC3

Relative Undernourishment and Food Insecurity Associations with Plasmodium falciparum Among Batwa Pygmies in Uganda: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Survey

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