Altered consciousness states and endogenous psychoses: a common molecular pathway?

Ciprian-Ollivier, Jorge; Cetkovich-Bakmas, Marcelo

doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00116-3

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In addition, DMT was identified as the active ingredient in ayahuasca (Pomilio et al, 1999; Ciprian-Ollivier et al, 1997), which produces effects similar to a psychotic episode, including thought disorders, delusions, and hallucinations (Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, et al, 2005). When given to human subjects, DMT produces complex visual and auditory hallucinations and increases cortisol levels (Strassman 1994; 1996), which supports its possible role as a possible mediator of schizophrenia.…”

Section: Dmt As a Model Of Psychiatric Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropharmacology of N,N-dimethyltryptamine

Carbonaro

Gatch

2016

Brain Research Bulletin

161

169

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N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an indole alkaloid widely found in plants and animals. It is best known for producing brief and intense psychedelic effects when ingested. Increasing evidence suggests that endogenous DMT plays important roles for a number of processes in the periphery and central nervous system, and may act as a neurotransmitter. This paper reviews the current literature of both the recreational use of DMT and its potential roles as an endogenous neurotransmitter. Pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action in the periphery and central nervous system, clinical uses and adverse effects are also reviewed. DMT appears to have limited neurotoxicity and other adverse effects except for intense cardiovascular effects when administered intravenously in large doses. Because of its role in nervous system signaling, DMT may be a useful experimental tool in exploring how brain works, and may also be a useful clinical tool for treatment of anxiety and psychosis.

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Section: Dmt As a Model Of Psychiatric Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropharmacology of N,N-dimethyltryptamine

Carbonaro

Gatch

2016

Brain Research Bulletin

161

169

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“…1) is a psychodysleptic compound that has been found in a variety of higher plants (4,5) and organisms (6), brain and other tissues of mammals and humans (6,7), and the urine of schizophrenic patients (2,(8)(9)(10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Long-Term Kinetics of Radiolabeled N,N-Dimethyltryptamine and Tryptamine

Vitale¹,

Pomilio²,

Cañellas³

et al. 2011

J Nucl Med

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N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a strong psychodysleptic drug, has been found in higher plants, shamanic hallucinogenic beverages, and the urine of schizophrenic patients. The aim of this work was to gain better knowledge on the relationship between this drug and hallucinogenic processes by studying DMT behavior in comparison with tryptamine. Methods: 131 I-labeled DMT and tryptamine were injected into rabbits. g-Camera and biodistribution studies were performed. Brain uptake, plasma clearance, and renal excretion were assessed for each indolealkylamine. Results: DMT and tryptamine showed different behavior when brain uptake, residence time, and excretion were compared. Labeled DMT entered the brain 10 s after injection, crossed the blood-brain barrier, and bound to receptors; then it was partially renally excreted. It was detected in urine within 24 h after injection and remained in the brain, even after urine excretion ceased; up to 0.1% of the injected dose was detected at 7 d after injection in the olfactory bulb. In contrast, tryptamine was rapidly taken up in the brain and fully excreted 10 min after injection. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that exogenous DMT remains in the brain for at least 7 d after injection. Although labeled DMT and tryptamine behave as agonists for at least 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor, 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor, trace amine-associated receptor, and s-1 putative receptor targets, binding to the latter can explain the different behavior of labeled DMT and tryptamine in the brain. The persistence in the brain can be further explained on the basis that DMT and other N,N-dialkyltryptamines are transporter substrates for both the plasma membrane serotonin transporter and the vesicle monoamine transporter 2. Furthermore, storage in vesicles prevents DMT degradation by monoamine oxidase. At high concentrations, DMT is taken up by the serotonin transporter and further stored in vesicles by the vesicle monoamine transporter 2, to be released under appropriate stimuli. Moreover, the 131 I-labeling proved to be a useful tool to perform long-term in vivo studies. Incont inuation of our research on labeled compounds, such as phenethylamines, tryptamines, and harmines and native Amazonian N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)-containing beverages such as ayahuasca (1-3) (also called ayahoasca and hoasca tea), we now report the in vivo behavior of DMT and tryptamine.DMT (Fig. 1) is a psychodysleptic compound that has been found in a variety of higher plants (4,5) and organisms (6), brain and other tissues of mammals and humans (6,7), and the urine of schizophrenic patients (2,8-10).As a hallucinogen, DMT was reported as a direct postsynaptic agonist at 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT 2A ) receptors and a partial agonist at 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C (5-HT 2C ) receptors (11). Recently, biochemical, physiologic, and behavioral experiments demonstrated that DMT is an endogenous agonist at s-1 receptors (s-1Rs) (12); the hypothetical signaling scheme triggered by this binding ha...

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“…Not only cannabinoid system, but also other H-ASCs were also hypothesized to have a common pathway and similar neuropharmacological action that is effective in the development of endogenous psychosis (Ciprian-Ollivier, 1997). Similarly, endogenous DMT have been detected to be slightly increased in the urinary excretions of psychotic patients, however, the results were not statistically different than the controls (Checkley, 1980).…”

Section: Question 1: How Can We Explain Tens Of Different Perception mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Review of the Neuro-Psychopharmacology of Hallucinogen-Induced Altered States of Consciousness: The Uniqueness of Some Hallucinogens

Sayın¹

2012

Neuroquantology

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Altered states of consciousness induced by hallucinogens (H-ASC) is still a vaguely understood phenomenon. Taken the diverse psychological effects they exert, the main mechanism of action of hallucinogens; LSD, ibogaine, THC, PCP, MDMA, methamphetamine, mescaline, psilocybin and DMT, of which psychological effects are discussed in the article, are not properly understood and explained by the modern methods of neuroscience due to the lack of vigorous research. The involvement of some receptors, such as, 5-HT 2 (and probably other 5-HT receptors), glutamate and dopamine receptors, adrenergic and cannabinoid receptors, is one of the mechanisms, however it is not easy to explain such incongruent psychological effects by only receptor and neurotransmitter systems alone, since H-ASCs have, sometimes, their own unity and gestalt, unfolding the subconscious, in the "voyages" they induce, although the perception may, or may not, be distorted depending on the person, and "set and setting". They induce visual, tactile and auditory hallucinations; synesthesia; perception of fractals, geometrical and kaleidoscopic images with vivid colors; perception of two dimensional pictures as three dimensional, animated and moving; distortions and alterations in the body perception; alterations in the perceptions of temporal-spatial continuum and time; changes in the perception of the ego and the self; feelings of unification with nature and universe, peak experiencesmimicking satori or nirvana-, ecstasy, rapture, extreme euphoria, excitement and happiness, oceanic bliss, self-fulfillment, referred as "good trip", as well as, dysphoria, anxiety, mania, delirium, psychosis, acute schizophrenia, collapse of the self, known as "bad trip"; depending upon the mood, affection and psychology of the person, and "set and setting". Mysticomimetic effects of H-ASCs, imitate the consciousness states of ancient mystics, probably, by means of activating prefrontal cortex, limbic system and the right temporal lobe. A hypothetical "holographic brain theory" may give some extra insights about the explanation of some of the effects of H-ASCs. It should be taken into account that H-ASCs, can be accepted as a good tool to investigate the nature of consciousness, brain and the human psyche, as well as some of the H-ASCs are good models of psychosis, too. More detailed scientific research should be performed to understand the basic and real mechanisms of H-ASCs, to comprehend and unravel the mystery of human mind and consciousness, since scientific medical research on hallucinogens has been legalized since 1992.

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Altered consciousness states and endogenous psychoses: a common molecular pathway?

Cited by 24 publications

References 30 publications

Neuropharmacology of N,N-dimethyltryptamine

Neuropharmacology of N,N-dimethyltryptamine

In Vivo Long-Term Kinetics of Radiolabeled N,N-Dimethyltryptamine and Tryptamine

A Comparative Review of the Neuro-Psychopharmacology of Hallucinogen-Induced Altered States of Consciousness: The Uniqueness of Some Hallucinogens

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