Alterations of the salivary and fecal microbiome in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis

Lapidot, Yelena; Almasi‐Hashiani, Amir; Ben-Simon, Shira; Veitsman, Ella; Cohen‐Ezra, Oranit; Davidov, Yana; Weiss, Peter H.; Bradichevski, Tanya; Segev, Shlomo; Koren, Omry; Ben‐Ari, Ziv; Safran, Michal

doi:10.1007/s12072-020-10089-z

Cited by 32 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Additionally, intake of medications (statins, platelet function inhibitors), cirrhosis, BMI, and intestinal inflammation, measured by calprotectin in feces, were found to be potential predictors for microbiome composition. Especially the finding of low alpha diversity and the increase of the genera Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus overlaps with findings in PSC [192] and other liver diseases [213]. The increase not only of pathobionts, but also of potential beneficial, butyrate-producing bacteria like Butyricicoccus, which was demonstrated to be reduced in IBD patients [214][215][216] and the fact that in a mouse model the butyrate-producing strain Anaerostipes hadrus has been shown to disturb the gut epithelium [217], demonstrates the complex interplay of the human gut microbiome.…”

Section: Sscsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…On species level, PSC patients compared to healthy controls showed a decrease of the relative abundance of commensal bacteria and an increase of potentially pathogenic species [192]. In total, we identified 11 peer-reviewed full papers dealing with the microbiome in PSC patients [191][192][193][194][195][196][197][198][199][200][201] (Table 1). These papers present partly heterogenicity in findings, but several similarities can be summed up for the fecal microbiome: PSC patients present lower alpha diversity and dysbiosis compared to healthy controls.…”

Section: Pscmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Gut-Liver Axis in Cholestatic Liver Diseases

Blesl

Stadlbauer

2021

Nutrients

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The gut-liver axis describes the physiological interplay between the gut and the liver and has important implications for the maintenance of health. Disruptions of this equilibrium are an important factor in the evolution and progression of many liver diseases. The composition of the gut microbiome, the gut barrier, bacterial translocation, and bile acid metabolism are the key features of this cycle. Chronic cholestatic liver diseases include primary sclerosing cholangitis, the generic term secondary sclerosing cholangitis implying the disease secondary sclerosing cholangitis in critically ill patients and primary biliary cirrhosis. Pathophysiology of these diseases is not fully understood but seems to be multifactorial. Knowledge about the alterations of the gut-liver axis influencing the pathogenesis and the outcome of these diseases has considerably increased. Therefore, this review aims to describe the function of the healthy gut-liver axis and to sum up the pathological changes in these cholestatic liver diseases. The review compromises the actual level of knowledge about the gut microbiome (including the mycobiome and the virome), the gut barrier and the consequences of increased gut permeability, the effects of bacterial translocation, and the influence of bile acid composition and pool size in chronic cholestatic liver diseases. Furthermore, therapeutic implications and future scientific objectives are outlined.

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Section: Sscsupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Pscmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gut-Liver Axis in Cholestatic Liver Diseases

Blesl

Stadlbauer

2021

Nutrients

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“…The characteristic of oral microbiota has also been defined in PSC. Alpha-diversity of the salivary microbiome was not changed when comparing PSC with HC, but there is an overrepresentation of Streptococcus salivarius, Prevotella histicola, Rothia mucilaginosa, V. parvula, Actinomyces, Campylobacter concisus, Bifidobacterium stellenboschense, and Bacteroidales genus Phocaeicola (Lapidot et al, 2021). Furthermore, S. salivarius, V. parvula, Actinomyces, and Bifidobacterium were both significantly enriched in both the saliva and the fecal samples in patients with PSC compared with HC (Lapidot et al, 2021).…”

Section: The Microbiome In Primary Sclerosing Cholangitismentioning

confidence: 91%

The Microbiome in Autoimmune Liver Diseases: Metagenomic and Metabolomic Changes

et al. 2021

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Recent studies have identified the critical role of microbiota in the pathophysiology of autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs), including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Metagenomic studies reveal significant decrease of gut bacterial diversity in AILDs. Although profiles of metagenomic vary widely, Veillonella is commonly enriched in AIH, PBC, and PSC. Apart from gut microbiome, the oral and bile microbiome seem to be associated with these diseases as well. The functional analysis of metagenomics suggests that metabolic pathways changed in the gut microbiome of the patients. Microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and microbial bile acid metabolites, have been shown to modulate innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and inflammation. Taken together, the evidence of host–microbiome interactions and in-depth mechanistic studies needs further accumulation, which will offer more possibilities to clarify the mechanisms of AILDs and provide potential molecular targets for the prevention and treatment in the future.

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“…In this view, several studies have investigated the gut microbiota composition in PSC patients [107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117], as reported in Table 3. The diversity of PSC is significantly reduced in PSC patients, and its global composition is distinct from that of patients with UC or healthy controls [110,111]; on the other hand, whether there is a difference between PSC patients with and without IBD is controversial [110,113].…”

Section: Microbiota and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Biliary Diseases from the Microbiome Perspective: How Microorganisms Could Change the Approach to Benign and Malignant Diseases

Binda¹,

Gibiino²,

Coluccio³

et al. 2022

Microorganisms

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Recent evidence regarding microbiota is modifying the cornerstones on pathogenesis and the approaches to several gastrointestinal diseases, including biliary diseases. The burden of biliary diseases, indeed, is progressively increasing, considering that gallstone disease affects up to 20% of the European population. At the same time, neoplasms of the biliary system have an increasing incidence and poor prognosis. Framing the specific state of biliary eubiosis or dysbiosis is made difficult by the use of heterogeneous techniques and the sometimes unwarranted invasive sampling in healthy subjects. The influence of the microbial balance on the health status of the biliary tract could also account for some of the complications surrounding the post-liver-transplant phase. The aim of this extensive narrative review is to summarize the current evidence on this topic, to highlight gaps in the available evidence in order to guide further clinical research in these settings, and, eventually, to provide new tools to treat biliary lithiasis, biliopancreatic cancers, and even cholestatic disease.

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Alterations of the salivary and fecal microbiome in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis

Cited by 32 publications

References 23 publications

The Gut-Liver Axis in Cholestatic Liver Diseases

The Gut-Liver Axis in Cholestatic Liver Diseases

The Microbiome in Autoimmune Liver Diseases: Metagenomic and Metabolomic Changes

Biliary Diseases from the Microbiome Perspective: How Microorganisms Could Change the Approach to Benign and Malignant Diseases

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