Alterations in biochemical profiles and reproduction performance in postpartum dairy cows with metritis

Abstract

During the puerperium phase, physiological modifications occur in the reproductive tract of dairy cows, such as involution of the reduction in uterine size, removal of cellular debris and the resumption of ovarian cyclicity (Cui, Wang, Ding, Li, & Li, 2019; Sheldon, 2004). Around 90% of the cows will have bacterial contamination within the first 14 days after parturition (Sheldon, Cronin, Goetze, Donofrio, & Schuberth, 2009); however, in some cows, these bacteria remain in the uterus and contribute to a higher prevalence of puerperal diseases (Kimura, Goff, Kehrli, & Reinhardt, 2002). One of the main puerperal diseases in cattle is metritis, which is classified as puerperal metritis and characterized by an abnormally enlarged uterus with a fetid watery red-brown uterine discharge, which is associated with signs of systemic illness and fever (≥39.5°C) within 21 days postpartum; and clinical metritis is characterized by an abnormally enlarged uterus, a purulent uterine discharge detectable in the vagina within 21 days postpartum, and no signs of systemic illness (Sheldon, Lewis, LeBlanc, & Gilbert, 2006). In a previous study of 336 cows in Brazil, Paiano, Lahr, et al. (2019) found an incidence of 26.5% with metritis, which could negatively affect the welfare and productivity of the cows (Sheldon et al., 2009). After calving, dairy cows can present nutritional, hormonal and metabolic alterations that contribute to the negative energy balance (NEB) and compromise the immune function (Goff,

Clinical endometritis with Trueperella pyogenes reduces reproductive performance and milk production in dairy cows

“…Uterine diseases cause profound economic losses on dairy farms, mainly due to the costs related to the therapy of the affected animals, disposal of milk, contributing to the worsening of the cows' fertility in the post‐partum period, which can result in the early lactation culling of the affected animals (Bisinotto et al., 2016; Gilbert et al., 2005; LeBlanc, 2008; Paiano et al., 2020; Paiano, Gonçalves, et al., 2019; Paiano, Lahr, et al., 2019).…”

Body status and blood metabolites profiles during resumption of postpartum ovarian activity in yak (Poephagus grunniens)

“…A similar kind of reduction in body weight after parturition was reported in primiparous and multiparous cows (Řehák et al., 2012; Roche et al., 2007). Lactating cows mostly experience a negative energy balance due to insufficient dietary intake to meet the required energy demands for milk production during early postpartum (Konigsson et al., 2008; Paiano et al., 2020a; De Vries & Veerkamp, 2000); as a consequence, the postpartum reproductive events are compromised with the increased risk of developing uterine infections and metabolic diseases, particularly in higher yielding animals (Butler & Smith, 1989; Kawashima et al., 2012; Paiano et al., 2020b,2021; Paiano, Camila, et al., 2019; Shrestha et al., 2005). Therefore, to accommodate the increased energy demand, internal body reserves are mobilized to provide NEFA partly as a direct fuel or partially oxidized by liver into ketone body, mainly BHB (reviewed by Abdelli et al., 2017; McArt et al., 2013; Ospina et al., 2013; Wathes et al., 2013).…”

“…These alterations are associated with the changes in nutritional, hormonal and metabolic status of the animal, with 2–5 times higher demands of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids for milk production than pre‐partum requirements (Bell, 1995). Hence, dietary intake is generally insufficient to meet the tremendous energy demands of early lactating animals particularly high yielding and often leads to negative energy balance (NEB) which in turn compromise the immune and reproductive functions with the increased risk of developing uterine infections and metabolic diseases (Paiano et al., 2020b,2021; Paiano, Camila, et al., 2019). So, to accommodate the increased energy demand with decreased blood glucose levels, internal reserves are mobilised to provide NEFA partly as a direct fuel or partially oxidized by liver into ketone body, mainly BHB (reviewed by Abdelli et al., 2017; McArt et al., 2013; Ospina et al., 2013; Wathes et al., 2013).…”

Transient Pulmonary Artery Hypertension in Holstein Neonate Calves

“…Pulmonary hypertension is a disorder that needs to be better studied in newborn calves. The main factors associated with the occurrence of pulmonary hypertension in calves are meconium aspiration during calving, cases of persistent hypoxia caused by pneumonia, and factors related to animals raised in high altitude conditions [5]. Pulmonary hypertension has been reported in calves from biotechnology procedures, such as cloning from the nuclear transfer of adult somatic cells [16,17].…”

“…Parturition is a challenging period for both the cow and the newborn calf [1,2]. During this phase profound physiological changes occur [3][4][5], and adaptations to the extrauterine environment are essential for the calf's vitality and health [6]. Among these adaptations, particular emphasis needs to be placed on those that are performed by the cardiorespiratory system that supports the profound changes that occur in blood circulation, such as the closure of the ductus arteriosus that is caused by increased blood oxygenation.…”