Alteration of the metal content in animal bones after 2.5-year experimental exposure to sediments

The same or different? Experimenting with the influence of peat environment on use‐wear traces on antler tools

“…On all tools used in the study, a change in the color of antler from light to dark brown was noticed, which could be associated among others with different kinds of enzymes present in plants and many chemical catalysations that take place in the soil when plant material degrades (Dupras & Schultz, ; Krajcarz, ; Painter, , ). In most cases, as a result of the said darkening properties, peat environment intensified the contrast and emphasised a polished area against the nonpolished, making it more visible.…”

“…However, the analysis of experimental materials mainly applies to replicas made nowadays, which are not affected by potential changes resulting from the impact of postdepositional factors. Still, little is known about the connection between changes in bone structure resulting from the use of given artefacts, and the processing of various types of organic materials, including the impact of plant acids—polishes, arising as a result of chemical erosion (Le Moine, , 320), and the changes in geochemistry of bone formed during its diagenesis in the sediment (Krajcarz, ; Nielsen‐Marsh & Hedges, ; Pate & Hutton, ; Smith, Nielsen‐Marsh, Jans, & Collins, ; Trueman, ), and possible mutual interaction of these two factors.…”

Intrastrata geochemical variability of a Paleolithic bone assemblage: The case of single‐phase Gravettian site Jaksice II, southern Poland

“…The pretreatment and analytical methodology followed Krajcarz (). Each bone fragment was washed in an ultrasonic cleaner, first in acetone to disintegrate the aggregates of clay minerals and clay fillings in fissures, and then several times in distilled water to remove sediment remains.…”

“…It is known that diagenetic parameters, including the concentration of trace elements in bones, vary between sites or even between strata at the same site. This variability is a function of time and environmental conditions, such as the geochemistry and lithology of the surrounding sediment (e.g., Denys, Williams, Dauphin, Andrews, & Fernandez‐Jalvo, ; Iliopoulos et al, ; Krajcarz, ; Pate, Hutton, & Norrish, ; Trueman & Tuross, ; Trueman, ; Trueman, Behrensmeyer, Potts, & Tuross, ; Trueman, Benton, & Palmer, ). The bones deposited together inside one stratum are thought to be chemically uniform.…”

Shelter in Smoleń III – A unique example of stratified Holocene clastic cave sediments in Central Europe, a lithostratigraphic stratotype and a record of regional paleoecology

“…The chemical composition of the sediments was determined using approximately 1-g samples of homogenized <2 mm fraction. The analytical method was inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) performed in the Bureau Veritas Minerals Laboratory (Vancouver, Canada) according to the published procedure [64]. The content of organic matter was determined using another approximately 1-g aliquot of <2 mm fraction via oxygenation in 30% H 2 O 2 for 24 h on a shaking plate [65].…”