Alteration of energy metabolism of calves fed below maintenance during 6 to 14 days of age

Schrama, J.W.; Hel, W. van der; Arieli, A.; Verstegen, M.W.A.

doi:10.2527/1992.7082527x

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This variation can be highly significant in this phase because of the constant rumen development and higher costs for the immune systems of young animals. These factors are more significant in younger animals, such as those used in our work, explaining the proximity of our estimated ME m with the requirements observed by Schrama et al (1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

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Energy and protein requirements of young Holstein calves in tropical condition

Rodrigues

Lima

Castro

et al. 2016

Trop Anim Health Prod

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Our objective was to estimate the energy and protein requirements of Holstein young calves up to 87 days old. Forty-two Holstein calves aged 4 days were used. From these, ten were randomly selected and slaughtered to compose the baseline slaughter (BS) group. The remaining calves were randomly assigned to eight treatments in a 4 × 2 factorial using a completely randomized design. The treatments were 2, 4, 6, and 8 kg/day of milk (297 g/kg CP; 319 g/kg of fat) fed twice daily, and then harvested at 59 or 87 days of age. Calves were fed a starter (193 g/kg CP; 133 g/kg NDF) ad libitum in all treatments. The calves slaughtered at 87 days of age had milk replaced by Coast-cross (Cynodoon sp.) hay (125 g/kg CP; 728 g/kg NDF). The net requirement of energy for maintenance (NEm) was 0.36 MJ/kg EBWG, with efficiency of utilization of energy for maintenance (k m) of 59.4 %. The equation obtained to estimate the net requirement of energy for gain (NEg; MJ/d) was 4.40 × EBW(0.099), with the efficiency of utilization of energy for gain (k g) equal to 46.5 %. The observed requirements of net and metabolizable protein for maintenance (NPm and MPm) were 3.67 and 3.88 g/kg BW(0.75), respectively. The efficiency of use of metabolizable protein for maintenance (k pm ) was 94.6 %. The predicted requirements were higher than those observed in the literature, and this study demonstrated that the requirements of newborn calves are higher than the recommended.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…Gerrits et al (1996) observed ME m of 0.39 and 0.45 MJ/BW 0.75 . Schrama et al (1992) observed a ME m of 0.56 MJ/BW 0.75 for calves from 6 to 14 days old. The ME m values observed in the present study may differ from those observed by Gerrits et al (1996) due to the decrease in the ME m as the weight increases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Energy and protein requirements of young Holstein calves in tropical condition

Rodrigues

Lima

Castro

et al. 2016

Trop Anim Health Prod

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“…At low feeding levels however, animals are less cold-tolerant (Webster, 1976), with an increase in the lower critical temperature (T c ). Schrama, van der Hel, Arieli and Verstegen (1992) observed during the first 2 weeks after arrival an increased maintenance requirement in calves kept at thermoneutral conditions (15°C). Schrama, van der Hel, Arieli and Verstegen (1992) observed during the first 2 weeks after arrival an increased maintenance requirement in calves kept at thermoneutral conditions (15°C).…”

Section: Restrictedmentioning

confidence: 93%

Responses of young calves to low ambient temperatures at two levels of feeding

Schrama

Arieli²,

Heetkamp³

et al. 1992

Anim. Sci.

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Seven groups of five or six Holstein-Friesian male calves were transported to an experimental farm at 2 to 3 days of age. At 6 days of age, heat production (HP) and metabolizable energy (ME) intake were measured for an 8-day period. During this period, calves were exposed to various ambient temperatures: 6, 9, 12 and 15°C. Ambient temperature was constant within days, but changed between days. Calves were fed below (four groups) or near (three groups) the maintenance requirements (290 or 460 k] ME per kg M 0 ' 75 per day). From 6 to 14 days of age the lower critical temperature (T c ) was 12-5°C and HP increased by 8-4 kj/kg M 0 ' 75 per day per °Cfall in ambient temperature below T c . Both T c and increase in HP below T c were not affected by feeding level. Rectal temperature was lower at low ambient temperatures. The decrease in rectal temperature with ambient temperature was greatest at the low feeding level. During the experimental period, calves were not in a steady-state regarding energy metabolism. Heat production decreased with time. This decrease was affected by feeding level and ambient temperature. After arrival, the influence of both ambient temperature and feeding level on the energy metabolism of young calves increased with time.

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“…The thermoneutral zone for calves ranges from 15 to 25 °C (Scanes 2011, Schrama et al 1992, 1993. Davis & Drackley (1998) stipulated the upper limit of the thermoneutral zone at 26 °C, while Nardone et al (2006) consider 30 °C as the critical temperature for calves.…”

Section: Air Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lower critical temperature ranges from 9 to 15 °C at birth and during the first two weeks of life (Phillips 2010, Davis & Drackley 1998 and declines to range from 0 °C (Phillips 2010) to 10 °C in older calves (Davis & Drackley 1998). The thermoneutral zone for calves lies in a range of 15-25 °C (Scanes 2011, Schrama et al 1992, 1993. Davis & Drackley (1998) stated a temperature of 26 °C as the upper limit of the thermoneutral zone for calves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of the design of housing systems for calves on the microclimatic conditions of the rearing environment

et al. 2013

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The objective of this study was to compare microclimatic conditions in three different housing systems designed for calf rearing -individual wooden hutches, individual tarpaulin hutches and individual pens under shelter -and to evaluate the thermal comfort of calves reared in these systems. Air temperature, relative air humidity and the rectal temperature of calves (n=324) were measured in the hutches and pens during three consecutive years. The hypothesis that the climatic conditions of different housing system designs used in calf rearing affect the thermal comfort of calves was confirmed, as the design of the individual housing systems affected microclimatic conditions and subsequently the rectal temperature of the housed calves as well. Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) were found between the shelter and individual outdoor calf hutches in relation to the measured parameters. In the summer, the shelter showed a significantly (P<0.05) lower air temperature and significantly higher level of both relative air humidity and calf rectal temperature. These significantly higher rectal temperatures in both summer and in transitional periods (from March to June and from September to December) can be explained by microclimatic conditions and specifically by the combination of air temperature and the highest relative humidity that caused less comfortable microclimatic conditions for calves. The high relative humidity is probably caused by inadequate ventilation under the shelter. Therefore, new technology of calf housing under shelter could be recommended as suitable housing only if adequate ventilation is provided.

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Alteration of energy metabolism of calves fed below maintenance during 6 to 14 days of age

Cited by 26 publications

References 7 publications

Energy and protein requirements of young Holstein calves in tropical condition

Energy and protein requirements of young Holstein calves in tropical condition

Responses of young calves to low ambient temperatures at two levels of feeding

The effect of the design of housing systems for calves on the microclimatic conditions of the rearing environment

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