Alteration of egg architecture and egg activation in an endoparasitic Hymenopteran as a result of natural or imitated oviposition

Went, Dirk F.; Krause, Gerhard

doi:10.1007/bf00582090

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In vertebrates and many invertebrate species, fertilization triggers egg activation (8 -11). But in insects, the trigger is independent of fertilization and is, instead, passage through the female reproductive tract (12)(13)(14)(15)(16). Both types of trigger cause a rise in Ca 2ϩ level in the oocyte cytoplasm, which is thought to set off the subsequent events by activating Ca 2ϩ / calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) 1 and the phosphatase calcineurin (CN) (14,17).…”

Section: Calcineurin-dependent Protein Phosphorylation Changes Duringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcineurin-dependent Protein Phosphorylation Changes During Egg Activation in Drosophila melanogaster

Zhang¹,

Ahmed-Braimah²,

Goldberg³

et al. 2019

Molecular & Cellular Proteomics

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Phosphoproteomic and global proteomic changes that occur during egg activation were quantified for the oocytes and eggs of Drosophila melanogaster with normal (control) or perturbed (CanB2 knockdown) calcineurin functions. We discovered broad influences of calcineurin on protein phosphorylation states in maturing oocytes and activating eggs. Our results illuminate the molecular mechanisms through which calcineurin regulates meiosis progression, protein translation, and signaling pathways during this critical developmental transition.

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Section: Calcineurin-dependent Protein Phosphorylation Changes Duringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcineurin-dependent Protein Phosphorylation Changes During Egg Activation in Drosophila melanogaster

Zhang¹,

Ahmed-Braimah²,

Goldberg³

et al. 2019

Molecular & Cellular Proteomics

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“…Apparently, egg activation is triggered by very different stimuli among insect species (for reviews, see Went, 1982;Sander, 1985b). Stimuli described are, e.g., rehydration in Drosophila (Mahowald et al, 19831, the moth fly, Psychoda, and Smittia (Sander, 1985a) or mechanical pressure as, e.g., in the parasitic wasp Pimpla (Went and Krause, 1974). In only a few cases (e.g., in the bag moth Luffia) is egg cell activation believed to be initiated by syngamy.…”

Section: The Eggmentioning

confidence: 99%

From egg to pole cells: Ultrastructural aspects of early cleavage and germ cell determination in insects

Zissler

1992

Microscopy Res & Technique

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Insect eggs are giant and very complex cells covered by an extremely resistant shell. Both the egg cell and surrounding eggshell express anteroposterior and ventrodorsal polarity. The molecular and cytoplasmic organization of both axes originates during oogenesis and leads to the production of an ooplasmic system which consists of euplasm and deutoplasm (yolk) and contains a nucleus as well as extranuclear determinants of maternal origin. Both are part of the store of information for early embryogenesis. In addition, the deutoplasm serves as raw material and early nutrient supply for building the embryo. The insect egg cell, which is arrested in the first maturation division when released from the ovary during oviposition, will be activated by different stimuli among different species to complete meiosis and start embryogenesis. The zygote nucleus undergoes a number of synchronous mitotic divisions leading to cleavage energids which initially form a syncytial blastoderm and subsequently the cellular blastoderm. In many insects, prior to blastoderm formation, polar granules (or oosome material) are incorporated in a single cell or a small number of cells which bud off at the posterior pole. These so called pole cells give rise to the primordial germ cells. Therefore, polar granules or the oosome material mark the germ line, and while structural counterparts of determinants of body pattern formation have so far not been found, the polar granules or oosome serve as an autonomous ooplasmic determinant for the pole or germ cells. Anteroposterior body polarity can arise independent of the germ plasm.

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“…For a better understanding of the following Sections, I will now give a brief description of the mode of oogenesis in the insect groups discussed in this article (for reviews, see Engelmann, 1970; Mahowald, 1972;de Wilde & de Loof, 1973;Telfer, 1975;Nardon, 1978). The insect ovary generally consists of a number of ovarioles or egg tubes.…”

Section: Egg Formation a N D Development In Insectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…I ) . The whole of oogenesis takes at least I I days (Went, Wurgler & Ulrich, 1972). The eggs are laid by the imagos within a few hours after eclosion.…”

Section: Heteropeza P Y G M a E A (Cecidomyiidae Diptera)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…I , 2). Size increase of the eggs in paedogenetic reproduction occurs mainly in the course of embryonic development and not during oogenesis as in imaginal reproduction (Went,197 I ) . In accordance with the different duration of time of oogenesis, vitellogenesis in imaginal reproduction takes at least 6 days (Went, Wurgler & Ulrich, 1972); during the mere 10-15 hours of oocyte growth in paedogenetic reproduction, no protein yolk accumulates in the oocyte (Ivanova-Kasas, 1965). The main uptake of nutrients occurs during embryonic development.…”

Section: Heteropeza P Y G M a E A (Cecidomyiidae Diptera)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Egg Activation and Parthenogenetic Reproduction in Insects

Went

1982

Biological Reviews

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Summary 1. Many insects reproduce by parthenogenesis. In one of the largest orders of the animal kingdom, the Hymenoptera, most of its members reproduce by arrhenotokous parthenogenesis. Egg activation in parthenogenetic animals obviously cannot be caused by fertilization of the egg. The question of what initiates egg development in parthenogenetically reproducing animals has been studied for a few insect species and is discussed in this article. 2. The grasshopper Melanoplus differentialis is one of several Orthoptera displaying accidental parthenogenesis. In this species, egg laying provides the stimulus to the completion of meiosis and start of embryonic development in unfertilized and probably also in fertilized eggs. The same holds true for the dipteran insect Drosophila melanogaster which exhibits rudimentary parthenogenesis, and for D. mercatorum showing accidental parthenogenesis. The precise way in which oviposition affects the egg is unknown. 3. The stick insect Carausius morosus reproduces by obligatory thelytoky. The triggering factor for removal of the meiotic block and initiation of embryonic development is oxygen from the air which penetrates to the egg through the micropyle immediately after oviposition. The oviposition act itself is not necessary for activation of the egg. 4. Comparative studies of the different types of oogenesis in the dipteran insect Heteropeza pygmaea show that in paedogenetically developing follicles meiotic arrest in prophase is of very short duration and a meiotic block at the end of oogenesis is absent. It is suggested that in this case triggering events for egg development are dispensable. On the other hand, under certain experimental conditions a meiotic block can be established in some of these follicles. 5. Investigations on the Ichneumonid wasp Pimpla turionellae have shown that unfertilized, male‐determined eggs ‐ and most likely also fertilized, femaledetermined eggs ‐ are activated by mechanical stress exerted on the eggs during natural or imitated oviposition. This mechanical stress, in addition, activates a streaming system which is independent of meiotic completion and nuclear multiplication. Egg activation by egg distortion is also found in the Pteromalid species Nasonia vitripennis and occurs presumably in many other Hymenoptera. 6. Carausius morosus, Pimpla turionellae and Nasonia vitripennis are species with parthenogenetic reproduction for which the natural factors responsible for the initiation of egg development have been identified. The cases of Pimpla turionellae and Nasonia vitripennis are of particular interest because of the feasibility of artificially imitating the natural activating mechanism. 7. It is concluded that apart from fertilization various events at oviposition may trigger egg development. In addition, the occurrence of rudimentary parthenogenesis in many sexually reproducing animal species suggests that sperm entry and fertilization may frequently be necessary for the continuation of egg development rather than for its initiation.

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Alteration of egg architecture and egg activation in an endoparasitic Hymenopteran as a result of natural or imitated oviposition

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Calcineurin-dependent Protein Phosphorylation Changes During Egg Activation in Drosophila melanogaster

Calcineurin-dependent Protein Phosphorylation Changes During Egg Activation in Drosophila melanogaster

From egg to pole cells: Ultrastructural aspects of early cleavage and germ cell determination in insects

Egg Activation and Parthenogenetic Reproduction in Insects

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