Alphaherpesvirus glycoprotein E: A review of its interactions with other proteins of the virus and its application in vaccinology

Abstract

The viral envelope glycoprotein E (gE) is required for cell-to-cell transmission, anterograde and retrograde neurotransmission, and immune evasion of alphaherpesviruses. gE can also interact with other proteins of the virus and perform various functions in the virus life cycle. In addition, the gE gene is often the target gene for the construction of gene-deleted attenuated marker vaccines. In recent years, new progress has been made in the research and vaccine application of gE with other proteins of the virus. This article reviews the structure of gE, the relationship between gE and other proteins of the virus, and the application of gE in vaccinology, which provides useful information for further research on gE.

Shared sequence characteristics identified in non-canonical rearrangements of HSV-1 genomes

“…The minor variant found in gE protein ( Fig. 2D ) shows a slight decrease in p21, and although changing an amino acid, gE protein knock-out does not have a major effect in cell culture ( 47 ). No minor variant was accumulating consistently in all cell types, except for the upstream ICP22 change ( Fig.…”

Bovine Alphaherpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) Infection in Cattle: An Overview of Epidemiology, Role of Envelope Proteins in Disease and Control

“…The extracellular domain (ETD), transmembrane domain (TMD) and cytoplasmic domain (CTD) make up the structure of glycoprotein E. The formation of the gE/gI heterodimer is mainly through interaction with conserved gE ETD, which is crucial for cell-to-cell spreading and immune evasion (Ning et al, 2022). The gE/gI complex's attachment to the IgG Fc region prevents the traditional complement pathway from being activated and shields virusinfected cells from antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis and cytotoxicity in almost all alpha herpes viruses except bovine alphaherpes virus (Jenks et al, 2019).…”

“…Number of gE deletion mutant vaccine constructs of alpha herpesvirus has demonstrated appreciable safety and immunogenicity, with a significant reduction in the replication and spread of the virus in the central nervous system. Examples include gE-deficient form of Equine Herpes Virus EHV-1 vaccine equine abortion (Ning et al, 2022), gEdeficient marker vaccine prepared by replacing the gE gene with β-galactosidase, BoHV-1gEβgal by Romera et al (2014). In some studies along with gE other virulent genes has been considered for deletion.…”

“…Recombinant glycoprotein E (ectodomain/cytoplasmic domain/truncated protein) has been cloned and expressed in prokaryote, yeast cell, Baculovirus and in human embryonic kidney cells to develop ELISA, a companion test to differentiate infected and gE deletion mutant vaccinated animal (Ning et al, 2022). Indirect gE ELISA are more specific compared to gE blocking ELISA (Bertolotti et al, 2015).…”

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Post-Eradication Program in the Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Italy: A Retrospective Study on Potential Bovine Herpesvirus Type 2 Cross-Reactivity

“…Among the structural envelope proteins, two glycoproteins, gB and gE, play an essential role in immunity and pathogenesis. Furthermore, they both play major roles in virulence determination, being mainly involved in cell-to-cell transmission, virus attachment, entry and fusion [1]. BoAHV1 causes a highly contagious infectious disease in domestic and wild bovines, distributed worldwide, that presents significant differences in regional incidence and prevalence, mainly due to the geographic positioning and breeding management of the herds [2].…”