Alpha-2 adrenergic regulation of pedunculopontine nucleus neurons during development

Bay, Kevin D.; Mamiya, Keiko; Good, Cameron H.; Skinner, R.D.; García‐Rill, Edgar

doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.04.045

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Two populations of neurones have been proposed within these nuclei: one set of cholinergic neurones are active during waking and excited by noradrenaline from the LC acting at α 1 -adrenoceptors, and one set of cholinergic neurones that are active during REM sleep and inhibited by noradrenaline from the LC acting at α 2 -adrenoceptors [139, 140]. This second population of neurones may be largely responsible for the initiation of REM sleep [303]; during wakefulness REM sleep is inhibited by the activation of α 2 -adrenoceptors on these neurones [20]. …”

Section: Output Functions Of the Locus Coeruleusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Neuroanatomy of the Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus: Its Roles in the Regulation of Arousal and Autonomic Function Part I: Principles of Functional Organisation

Samuels

Szabadi²

2008

621

510

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The locus coeruleus (LC) is the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, giving rise to fibres innervating extensive areas throughout the neuraxis. Recent advances in neuroscience have resulted in the unravelling of the neuronal circuits controlling a number of physiological functions in which the LC plays a central role. Two such functions are the regulation of arousal and autonomic activity, which are inseparably linked largely via the involvement of the LC. The LC is a major wakefulness-promoting nucleus, resulting from dense excitatory projections to the majority of the cerebral cortex, cholinergic neurones of the basal forebrain, cortically-projecting neurones of the thalamus, serotoninergic neurones of the dorsal raphe and cholinergic neurones of the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and substantial inhibitory projections to sleep-promoting GABAergic neurones of the basal forebrain and ventrolateral preoptic area. Activation of the LC thus results in the enhancement of alertness through the innervation of these varied nuclei. The importance of the LC in controlling autonomic function results from both direct projections to the spinal cord and projections to autonomic nuclei including the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the nucleus ambiguus, the rostroventrolateral medulla, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the caudal raphe, the salivatory nuclei, the paraventricular nucleus, and the amygdala. LC activation produces an increase in sympathetic activity and a decrease in parasympathetic activity via these projections. Alterations in LC activity therefore result in complex patterns of neuronal activity throughout the brain, observed as changes in measures of arousal and autonomic function.

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Section: Output Functions Of the Locus Coeruleusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Neuroanatomy of the Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus: Its Roles in the Regulation of Arousal and Autonomic Function Part I: Principles of Functional Organisation

Samuels

Szabadi²

2008

621

510

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“…This wakefulness-promoting action results from the dense projections from the LC to most areas of the cerebral cortex [208] and from the multitude of projections from the LC to alertness-modulating nuclei (see Part I). The LC exerts an excitatory influence on wakefulness-promoting neurones such as cholinergic neurones of the BF [111, 126, 203, 205] and of the PPT and LDT nuclei [26], cortically-projecting neurones of the thalamus [280, 281] and serotonergic neurones of the DR [219, 309, 375], and an inhibitory influence on sleep-promoting GABA-ergic neurones of the BF [268, 288, 451] and VLPO of the hypothalamus [74, 288, 319]. Thus, increases in LC activity result in increases in EEG signs of alertness [29] whilst inactivation of the LC reduces this EEG activity [30, 91], demonstrating a reduction in alertness.…”

Section: Brief Outline Of the Role Of The Locus Coeruleus In The Mainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Neuroanatomy of the Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus: Its Roles in the Regulation of Arousal and Autonomic Function Part II: Physiological and Pharmacological Manipulations and Pathological Alterations of Locus Coeruleus Activity in Humans

Samuels

Szabadi²

2008

396

365

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The locus coeruleus (LC), the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, gives rise to fibres innervating most structures of the neuraxis. Recent advances in neuroscience have helped to unravel the neuronal circuitry controlling a number of physiological functions in which the LC plays a central role. Two such functions are the regulation of arousal and autonomic activity, which are inseparably linked largely via the involvement of the LC. Alterations in LC activity due to physiological or pharmacological manipulations or pathological processes can lead to distinct patterns of change in arousal and autonomic function. Physiological manipulations considered here include the presentation of noxious or anxiety-provoking stimuli and extremes in ambient temperature. The modification of LC-controlled functions by drug administration is discussed in detail, including drugs which directly modify the activity of LC neurones (e.g., via autoreceptors, storage, reuptake) or have an indirect effect through modulating excitatory or inhibitory inputs. The early vulnerability of the LC to the ageing process and to neurodegenerative disease (Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases) is of considerable clinical significance. In general, physiological manipulations and the administration of stimulant drugs, α2-adrenoceptor antagonists and noradrenaline uptake inhibitors increase LC activity and thus cause heightened arousal and activation of the sympathetic nervous system. In contrast, the administration of sedative drugs, including α2-adrenoceptor agonists, and pathological changes in LC function in neurodegenerative disorders and ageing reduce LC activity and result in sedation and activation of the parasympathetic nervous system.

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“…Muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic [3,4,5] serotonergic [6,7], GABAergic [8] effects have been already described, as well as modulatory effects by orexin, ghrelin [9] or endocannabinoids [10,11]. These effects overlap in certain cases: neurons hyperpolarized by serotonin are hyperpolarized by stimulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) as well [6], and orexin and ghrelin depolarizes the same neuronal population [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholinergic and endocannabinoid neuromodulatory effects overlap on neurons of the pedunculopontine nucleus of mice

2015

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The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a part of the reticular activating system (RAS) and one of the main sources of the cholinergic fibers in the midbrain, while it is also subject to cholinergic modulation. This nucleus is thought to have an important role in REM sleep and wakefulness. Several neuromodulatory mechanisms were described in the PPN, but overlaps of the endocannabinoid and cholinergic effects have not been demonstrated yet.We showed that PPN neurons respond to carbachol in a heterogeneous way: they were depolarized and increase firing rate, hyperpolarized and decrease firing frequency, or lack response. The effect of carbachol was similar to our previous observations with type 1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptor agonists; therefore, we investigated whether different neuromodulatory effects elicit the same action on a certain neuron. A marked but not full overlap was revealed: all neurons depolarized by carbachol were depolarized by the CB1 receptor agonist ACEA, and all neurons lacking response to carbachol lacked response to ACEA, as well. However, neurons hyperpolarized by carbachol were depolarized, hyperpolarized or not affected by the ACEA .Summarizing our data, we found that certain neurons of the PPN respond to muscarinic and cannabinoid stimulations in a similar but not identical way: the same cells were depolarized or not affected by both drugs, whereas neurons hyperpolarized by carbachol responded to ACEA in a heterogeneous way.3

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Alpha-2 adrenergic regulation of pedunculopontine nucleus neurons during development

Cited by 13 publications

References 38 publications

Functional Neuroanatomy of the Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus: Its Roles in the Regulation of Arousal and Autonomic Function Part I: Principles of Functional Organisation

Functional Neuroanatomy of the Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus: Its Roles in the Regulation of Arousal and Autonomic Function Part I: Principles of Functional Organisation

Functional Neuroanatomy of the Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus: Its Roles in the Regulation of Arousal and Autonomic Function Part II: Physiological and Pharmacological Manipulations and Pathological Alterations of Locus Coeruleus Activity in Humans

Cholinergic and endocannabinoid neuromodulatory effects overlap on neurons of the pedunculopontine nucleus of mice

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