Alopecia Areata Associated With Refractive Errors

A 3500‐year‐old papyrus from ancient Egypt provides a list of treatments for many diseases including “bite hair loss,” most likely alopecia areata (AA). The treatment of AA remained largely unchanged for over 1500 years. In 30 CE, Celsus described AA presenting as scalp alopecia in spots or the “windings of a snake” and suggested treatment with caustic compounds and scarification. The first “modern” description of AA came in 1813, though treatment still largely employed caustic agents. From the mid‐19th century onwards, various hypotheses of AA development were put forward including infectious microbes (1843), nerve defects (1858), physical trauma and psychological stress (1881), focal inflammation (1891), diseased teeth (1902), toxins (1912) and endocrine disorders (1913). The 1950s brought new treatment developments with the first use of corticosteroid compounds (1952), and the first suggestion that AA was an autoimmune disease (1958). Research progressively shifted towards identifying hair follicle‐specific autoantibodies (1995). The potential role of lymphocytes in AA was made implicit with immunohistological studies (1980s). However, studies confirming their functional role were not published until the development of rodent models (1990s). Genetic studies, particularly genome‐wide association studies, have now come to the forefront and open up a new era of AA investigation (2000s). Today, AA research is actively focused on genetics, the microbiome, dietary modulators, the role of atopy, immune cell types in AA pathogenesis, primary antigenic targets, mechanisms by which immune cells influence hair growth, and of course the development of new treatments based on these discoveries.

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“…Jacquet's claim was apparently confirmed by others . AA was also suggested to be linked to eye strain …”

Section: Alopecia Areata As An Atrophic Nerve Disordermentioning

confidence: 80%

“…[98,99] AA was also suggested to be linked to eye strain. [100,101] In more recent times, it has been shown that there are changes in the structure and signalling systems of nerves in areas of AA. [102,103] Increased cutaneous stimulation may indeed be needed for sensory perception in AA skin.…”

Section: Alopecia Are Ata a S An Atrophi C Nerve Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

A “hair‐raising” history of alopecia areata

Broadley

McElwee

2020

Experimental Dermatology

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“…A more de tailed analysis of the importance of mental factors in A.a. will be reported on later (24). A large number of different somatic ill nesses have been regarded as connected with the occurrence of A.a.-focal infec tions expecially in teeth and tonsils (15,35,49), virus infections [ measles and in fluenza, (2)], refractive abnormalities, par ticularly astigmatism (28), pulmonary tu berculosis (35), pernicious anemia (48,65), sickle cell anemia ( 12), encephalitis (45,46), ventricular polyps (4), diffuse forma tion of cancer metastases ( 13), sideropenic anemia and hypercholesteremia ( 15), hyper thyreosis (74, 77), hypothyreosis (72), hyperinsulinism ( 17), pluriglandular endo crine disturbances (7 1 33 1 38), testicle dys function (7 ), ovarian disturbances C74), polyarthritis (64), ulcerous colitis (56).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%