Alongshore Propagation of Subtidal Sea Level Fluctuations Around the Korean Peninsula Over Varying Stratification and Shelf Topography

Abstract

Understanding subtidal (a period band of 3–20 days) coastal sea level fluctuations is of increasing importance for the sustainable use of coastal areas under challenging conditions resulting from regional and global sea-level rise. The wind-forced coastal-trapped waves (CTW) theory often accounts for subtidal sea level fluctuations observed off global coasts with a considerable range of propagation speeds. Here, the propagation speeds of subtidal sea level fluctuations observed at seven coastal tide-gauge stations around the Korean Peninsula (KP) from 1997 to 2017 were compared with phase speeds modeled for 10 segments of realistic bottom topography around the KP and four seasons of density stratification using a wind-forced CTW model. Alongshore variations in the modeled phase speed (2.0–10.0 m s–1, increasing with the bottom depth, shelf width, and vertical density difference) were consistent with those of the observed propagation speed (4.7–18.9 m s–1), despite systematic underestimation by 50%, i.e., the mean speed of 6.0 vs. 11.8 m s–1. This underestimation is discussed considering subtidal sea level fluctuations of non-CTW origin that were not incorporated into the CTW model, such as (1) Barometric sea level response to atmospheric pressure disturbances, and (2) Upwelling/downwelling response to local alongshore wind stress. This study suggests that subtidal coastal sea level fluctuates around the KP within and beyond CTW dynamics.

Quantification of the extremely intensified East Korea Warm Current in the summer of 2021: offshore and coastal variabilities

“…The East/Japan Sea, a semi-closed marginal sea located in the mid-latitude region of the Northwest Pacific, serves as a natural laboratory because it mirrors characteristic processes occurring in the open ocean. Notable phenomena in this marginal sea include a meridional overturning circulation (Kim et al, 2004;Chang et al, 2016;Han et al, 2020), ventilation of subsurface cold water (Yun et al, 2004;Kim et al, 2009;Park and Lim, 2018), the western boundary current named as East Korea Warm Current (EKWC; Kim et al, 2018), the subpolar front (Park et al, 2004), eddies (Lee and Niiler, 2010a;Lee et al, 2019), and various coastal processes, such as coastal upwelling by monsoonal southerly winds (Park and Nam, 2018;Kim et al, 2023) and coastal trapped waves (Cho et al, 2014;Lee et al, 2022).…”