Along-strike permeability variation in carbonate-hosted fault zones

The Importance of Physiochemical Processes in Decarbonisation Technology Applications Utilizing the Subsurface: A Review

“…(1) Knowledge transfer from fossil fuel industry and sharing of data publicly (e.g., Erdlac, 2006;Bu et al, 2012;Groff et al, 2016): This should include the re-skilling and repurposing/ deployment of highly skilled and experienced oil and gas professionals, especially engineers and geologists; (2) Knowledge transfer from active decarbonisation plants around the world to allow optimization and sustainable implementation of technologies in other countries: Examples include storing CO 2 in basalt in the CarbFix Pilot Project in Iceland (Matter et al, 2009), geothermal energy plants such as Reykjanes, Krafla (Friðleifsson et al, 2015;Friðleifsson et al, 2019) or Larderello, Italy (Batini et al, 2003), and ATES at Eindhoven University of Technology in Netherlands (Kallesøe and Vangkilde-Pedersen, 2019); (3) Short and long term laboratory experiments: For instance, scaling experiments (e.g., Stáhl et al, 2000), porositypermeability measurements on fault rocks (e.g., Michie et al, 2020a;Michie et al, 2020b) coupled with in-depth microstructural studies (e.g., Kaminskaite et al, 2019;Kaminskaite et al, 2020); (4) Experiments at test sites, such as the UKGEOS coal mine geothermal test site in Glasgow, nuclear waste disposal sites in Olkiluoto, Finland (Siren, 2015), SKB in Sweden (Rosborg and Werme, 2008), Mont-Terri in Switzerland (Tsang et al, 2012), Mol-Dessel in Belgium (Desbois et al, 2010), and Bure and Tournemire in France (Armand et al, 2007;Matray et al, 2007). ( 5) Study of natural geological systems for long term behaviour and comparisons of predictions based on laboratory experiments coupled with numerical simulations: For instance, outcrops and/or core plugs taken out from natural geothermal systems where hydrothermal fluids have been flowing over long timescales (>10 2 -10 4 yrs) or fossil geothermal systems provide us with the examples of how hydrothermal fluids have affected the rocks on a large scale and how long the system has sustained the flow for (e.g., Major et al, 2018); (6) Numerical modelling using sophisticated and continuously improving codes, e.g.,: Microstructural modelling using hybrid approaches e.g., ELLE (Vass et al, 2014;Piazolo et al, 2019;Koehn et al, 2020) or codes f...…”

Fracture density variations within a reservoir-scale normal fault zone: A case study from shallow-water carbonates of southern Italy

“…Fracturing associated with faulting is often below the resolution of the seismic reflection data and therefore cannot be readily detected and estimated using this technique. Accurately predicting fracture densities may be of pivotal importance for industrial applications that deal with sub-surface data, since regions of fracturing in fault zones are often demonstrated to be rock volumes of enhanced permeability (e.g., Caine et al, 1996;Evans et al, 1997;Agosta, 2008;Faulkner et al, 2010;Bense et al, 2013;Gillespie et al, 2020;Scibek, 2020;Michie et al, 2021;Boersma et al, 2021;Smeraglia et al, 2021). Therefore, being able to predict their location can have very significant implications for better understanding and even predicting fluid flow within faulted reservoirs for a wide range of practical applications, from CO 2 and energy (H 2 ) storage, to geothermal and hydrocarbon exploration and production, to mining and civil engineering.…”

Internal Structure Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Reverse Fault in the Carbonate Rock, A Case Study of Outcrops in Xike’er Area, Tarim Basin, Northwest China

“…Faults zones localize shear deformation and are made up of intensely deformed fault cores encompassed within the fault damage zones (Wibberley et al, 2008;Faulkner et al, 2010). The fault core has been transformed from the host into new rock types, such as mudstone, cataclastic rock, breccia and mylinite, due to high strain processes such as crushing, cataclastic and brecciation (Agosta and Aydin 2006;Mort and Woodcock 2008;Mitchell and Faulkner 2009;Faulkner et al, 2010;Michie 2015;Michie et al, 2021). From the microscopic characteristics (Figure 6), the particle size of fault core has been significantly reduced, forming a fault gouge.…”