Almond Breeding

Gradziel, Thomas M.; Martínez‐Gómez, Pedro

doi:10.1002/9781118497869.ch4

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…"Tuono" is unique among Mediterranean and California varieties in that it is selfcompatible and so self-fertile. Recent molecular analysis has demonstrated the source of this self-fertility was a natural introgression from P. webbii which is native in the regions of southern Italy were "Tuono" originated (Gradziel and Martínez-Gómez, 2013). Similarly, the soluble protein content of 17.14 for "Tuono" is unusually low for a commercial cultivar, being well below the 20 g/100 g level desired for some forms of processing.…”

Section: Seed Soluble Protein and Immunoreactivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In California, while over 100 geographically diverse varieties were grown in the early 1900s, the varieties "Nonpareil" and "Mission" dominated plantings by mid-century (Gradziel et al, 2017). Of the current plantings of approximately 540,000 hectares, "Nonpareil" remains the dominant variety with most of remaining pollenizer varieties (almond is selfsterile), having "Nonpareil" and "Mission" as direct parents (Gradziel and Martínez-Gómez, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Redomesticating Almond to Meet Emerging Food Safety Needs

Gradziel

2020

Front. Plant Sci.

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Almond is a desirable and high-quality food source where the presence of nut allergens and a vulnerability to aflatoxin and Salmonella contamination represent threats to consumer safety. In 2019, over 1 billion kg. of almonds, representing over 80% of the world total, were produced in California from a relatively few varieties with a very narrow genetic base. To address emerging needs mandated by cultural and climate changes, new germplasm has been introduced combining peach as well as wild peach and wild almond species. Advanced breeding selections incorporating exotic germplasm into a genetic background compatible with commercial production in California have demonstrated sizable reductions in level of kernel immunoreactivity as well as opportunities for improved control of aflatoxin and Salmonella. Breeding strategies employed include direct selection for reduced kernel immunoreactivity from an introgression enriched germplasm, the integration and pyramiding of resistance to multiple components of the aflatoxin disease-insect complex, and introduction of novel nut and tree traits to facilitate mechanized catch-frame field harvesting to avoid contamination with soil-borne pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli, as well as agrochemical residues.

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Section: Seed Soluble Protein and Immunoreactivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redomesticating Almond to Meet Emerging Food Safety Needs

Gradziel

2020

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…Many of these studies have shown that there is significant variation and heterozygosity among cultivars of different geographical origins. This genetic diversity may be attributed to the fact that almonds, along with many other species in the Rosaceae, exhibit gametophytic self-incompatibility and as such are obligate outcrossers (Abdurasulov, 1990;Gradziel and Martínez-Gómez, 2013;Kester, 1969). Self-incompatibility of this species has been attributed to the gametophytic expression of a multiple allelic S locus, which codes for ribonucleases expressed in the style and for F-box proteins expressed in the pollen.…”

Section: Genetic Diversity Of Prunus Dulcismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Worldwide, a relatively limited number of accessions is currently held in the main almond germplasm collections (Gradziel and Martínez-Gómez, 2013). Within the past few decades, there has been some integration of almond germplasm from former Soviet countries into the USDA National Plant Germplasm System.…”

Section: Genetic Diversity Of Prunus Dulcismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plum Pox Potyvirus (PPV or Sharka) is a disease that mainly affects Prunus species such as apricot, plum, peach, and, to a lesser degree, sweet cherry and sour cherry and is an important factor to consider when conducting germplasm introduction. Almond has also been found to be a host of PPV (APHIS, 2012); however, when compared with apricot, plum, and other Prunus species known to be highly susceptible, almond has demonstrated a high level of genetic resistance to infection (Festic, 1978;Gradziel, 2009;Gradziel and Martínez-Gómez, 2013;Rubio et al, 2003). In a study of Prunus susceptibility to PPV by aphid transmission, Damsteegt et al (2007) found that P. dulcis 'Butte' and 'Mission' tested positive in 17 of 30 plants yet visual symptoms only were recorded on three of the 30 plants.…”

Section: Genetic Diversity Of Prunus Dulcismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Resources of Almond Species in the Former USSR

Zaurov

Eisenman

Ford³

et al. 2015

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Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb. is grown as an economically valuable crop in a number of countries worldwide, but large-scale cultivation has been primarily restricted to semiarid and arid regions with mild, temperate climates. Considering the species’ wide native range and inherent genetic, morphologic, and phenologic diversity, almond remains quite underused in areas outside those currently in cultivation. The area comprising the former USSR represents an extremely large and diverse region and is a center of genetic diversity for P. dulcis and related species. Much of this region, which is the center of origin and/or diversity of many important crops, has been inaccessible to the Western world for centuries, and much of the scientific literature produced there has not been widely disseminated in the English language. Since the breakup of the USSR, this region has become increasingly open and opportunities for reciprocal germplasm collection, exchange, and scientific collaborations are growing. To bring increased attention to the valuable P. dulcis genetic resources endemic to this region, and to promote better use, management, and preservation of these important resources, the wild distribution of almond and closely related species, and extensive germplasm holdings of institutions across the former USSR, are herein described. Recent and ongoing collection and breeding activities in the U.S. Intermountain West are also discussed.

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A review of plant epigenetics through the lens of almond

et al. 2023

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While genomes were originally seen as static entities that stably held and organized genetic information, recent advances in sequencing have uncovered the dynamic nature of the genome. New conceptualizations of the genome include complex relationships between the environment and gene expression that must be maintained, regulated, and sometimes even transmitted over generations. The discovery of epigenetic mechanisms has allowed researchers to understand how traits like phenology, plasticity, and fitness can be altered without changing the underlying deoxyribonucleic acid sequence. While many discoveries were first made in animal systems, plants provide a particularly complex set of epigenetic mechanisms due to unique aspects of their biology and interactions with human selective breeding and cultivation. In the plant kingdom, annual plants have received the most attention; however, perennial plants endure and respond to their environment and human management in distinct ways. Perennials include crops such as almond, for which epigenetic effects have long been linked to phenomena and even considered relevant for breeding. Recent discoveries have elucidated epigenetic phenomena that influence traits such as dormancy and self‐compatibility, as well as disorders like noninfectious bud failure, which are known to be triggered by the environment and influenced by inherent aspects of the plant. Thus, epigenetics represents fertile ground to further understand almond biology and production and optimize its breeding. Here, we provide our current understanding of epigenetic regulation in plants and use almond as an example of how advances in epigenetics research can be used to understand biological fitness and agricultural performance in crop plants.

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Almond Breeding

Cited by 29 publications

References 95 publications

Redomesticating Almond to Meet Emerging Food Safety Needs

Redomesticating Almond to Meet Emerging Food Safety Needs

Genetic Resources of Almond Species in the Former USSR

A review of plant epigenetics through the lens of almond

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