The distribution pattern of mtDNA haplotypes in distinct populations of the glacial relict crustacean Saduria entomon was examined to assess phylogeographic relationships among them. Populations from the Baltic, the White Sea and the Barents Sea were screened for mtDNA variation using PCR-based RFLP analysis of a 1150 bp fragment containing part of the CO I and CO II genes. Five mtDNA haplotypes were recorded. An analysis of geographical heterogeneity in haplotype frequency distributions revealed significant differences among populations. The isolated populations of S. entomon have diverged since the retreat of the last glaciation. The geographical pattern of variation is most likely the result of stochastic (founder effect, genetic drift) mechanisms and suggests that the haplotype differentiation observed is probably older than the isolation of the Baltic and Arctic seas.
IntroductionThe evolutionary history of northern biota have been considerably influenced by Pleistocene glaciations. Range contractions during cold periods and expansions during warmer interglacials altered the distributions of species. Drift among refugial populations or during the colonization of previously glaciated areas, in concert with limited gene flow may have affected patterns of population divergence in many animal species (HEWITT, 1996(HEWITT, , 2000TABERLET et al., 1998). The application of molecular techniques for studying genetic diversity, offers the opportunity to measure effectively the genetic variation across a species range. Furthermore, phylogenies for the populations and species, related to their geographic distribution allow inferences on the biogeographic history and evolution of the populations and taxa, particularly during the Pleistocene (HEWITT, 1996). Most phylogeographic studies were performed on fishes, over a wide range of geographical scales (reviewed in BERNATCHEZ and WILSON, 1998). Postglacial colonization of northeastern Europe including the Baltic sea region by distinct phylogeographic lineages of fish has been the subject of recent investigations (e.g. DURAND et al., 1999;NESBØ et al., 1999;KOSKINEN et al., 2000; KONTULA and VÄINÖLÄ, 2001;NILSSON et al., 2001). These studies have implied that three multispecies refugia, located in southeastern, northeastern and western Europe could generally play role in recolonization of northeastern Europe. The Baltic sea has been colonized from all three refugia, and northeastern Europe harbours descendants from both eastern European refugia (NESBØ et al., 1999). The colonization routes used by fish probably also apply to other freshwater taxa with similar distribution patterns. The northeastern ice lakes to the east of Onega have been suggested as the source of a number of early invaders to the Baltic basin, e.g. the "glacial relict" crustaceans (VÄINÖLÄ et al., 1994; KONTULA and VÄINÖLÄ, 2001