Allostatic load and risk of all‐cause, cancer‐specific, and cardiovascular mortality in older cancer survivors: An analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2010

Abstract

Background Allostatic load (AL) has been linked to an increased risk of death in various populations. However, to date, there is no research specifically investigating the effect of AL on mortality in older cancer survivors. Aims To investigate the association between AL and mortality in older cancer survivors. Method A total of 1291 adults aged 60 years or older who survived for ≥1 year since cancer diagnoses were identified from the 1999 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. AL was the exposure of interest incorporating nine clinical measures/biomarkers; one point was added to AL if any of the measures/biomarkers exceeded the normal level. The sum of points was categorized as an ordinal variable to reflect low, moderate, and high ALs. Our outcomes of interest were all‐cause, cancer‐specific, and cardiovascular disease–specific mortality. Death was identified by linkage to the National Death Index. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of mortality by AL category. Results Overall, 53.6% of participants were male and 78.4% were white. The mean age of study participants at interview was 72.8 years (standard deviation = 7.1). A total of 546 participants died during the follow‐up (median follow‐up time: 8.0 years). Among them, 158 died of cancer, and 106 died of cardiovascular events. Results from multivariable Cox proportional hazards models showed that higher ALS was positively associated with higher all‐cause mortality (ALS = 4–9 vs. ALS = 0–1: aHR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.17–1.98, p‐trend < 0.01) and higher cancer‐specific mortality (ALS = 4–9 vs. ALS = 0–1: aHR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.12–2.90, p‐trend = 0.01). The association between ALS and cardiovascular mortality was positive but nonsignificant (ALS = 4–9 vs. ALS = 0–1: aHR = 1.59, 95% CI = 0.86–2.94, p‐trend = 0.11). Conclusions Our study suggests that older cancer survivors can have a higher risk of death if they have a high burden of AL.

Allostatic load as a predictor of postoperative complications in patients with breast cancer

“…Additionally, disease severity and degree of disease control with treatment are ignored. In contrast, some studies suggest AL remains a significant predictor of all-cause and cancer-specific mortality amongst older patients 21 .…”

Association of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances with Allostatic Load Stratified by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 Exposure

“…Researchers have found evidence suggesting that stress might trigger the reactivation of persistent infections [ 28 , 29 ]. In light of stress’s known role in negative health outcomes [ 9 ], it is crucial to include stress assessment in preventive strategies and treatments [ 14 , 15 ]. In this study, 60% of the participants tested positive for HSV-1, while 20% tested positive for HSV-2, indicating significant exposure to HSV among U.S. adults.…”

“…Moreover, AL has been implicated in exacerbating pre-existing health conditions and influencing the severity and prognosis of illnesses [ 14 , 15 ].…”