Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in healthy equine superficial digital flexor tendon: A study of the local inflammatory response

Abstract

The superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) is a structure frequently affected by injuries in high-performance athletic horses, and there are limited therapeutic options. Regenerative medicine has evolved significantly in treating different illnesses. However, understanding the cellular behaviour during mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation in healthy tissues is not fully known yet. To address the inflammatory response induced by allogeneic MSC transplantation, this study evaluated the local inflammatory response after the application of allogeneic adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) in the equine tendon compared to an autologous transplant and the control group. Eighteen thoracic limbs (TL) in nine animals were divided into three groups and subjected to the application of AT-MSCs in the healthy tendon. In the allogeneic group (Gallog), the animals received an allogeneic AT-MSC application in the TL. The autologous group (Gauto) received an application of autologous cells in the TL, and in the control group (Gcont), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was applied. There were no significant differences among the evaluated groups in the physical, morphological, thermography, and ultrasonography analyses. A higher number of CD3-positive lymphocytes was observed in the Gauto group compared to the control (P < 0.05). Additionally, we did not observe different expressions of CD172 and microvascular density among the groups. The allogeneic transplantation of AT-MSCs did not result in an adverse or inflammatory reaction that compromised the use of these cells in this experiment. Their behaviour was similar to that of autologous transplantation.

Augmentation of chronic rotator cuff healing using adipose‐derived stem cell‐seeded human tendon‐derived hydrogel

“…However, MSCs including ASCs reportedly have an immunomodulatory property, which allows allogenic MSC implantation. [37][38][39][40] The total number of the ASCs that implanted in this study was 0.4 M/shoulder, which is relatively small compared to numbers reported in previous studies. This may be the reason we failed to detect positive impact of ASCs on the biomechanical healing of RTC.…”

“…While allogenic implantation allows “off‐the‐shelf” therapeutic strategy without any donor site morbidity, a harmful allogeneic immune reaction may reduce the therapeutic beneficial effect of ASC implantation. However, MSCs including ASCs reportedly have an immunomodulatory property, which allows allogenic MSC implantation …”

Clinical safety of intratesticular transplantation of allogeneic bone marrow multipotent stromal cells in stallions

“…Altogether, this information provides a promising preliminary data. In this sense, there are many reports regarding the protective effect of MSCs through their anti‐inflammatory, anti‐reactive oxygen species and anti‐apoptotic effect in different tissues (Brandão et al, ; Da Silva Meirelles, Fontes, Tovas, & Caplan, ; Madrigal, Rao, & Riordan, ; Salgado, Reis, Sousa, & Gimble, ). Additionally, Hsiao et al () reported therapeutic benefits on rat with induced testicular torsion after stem cells therapy.…”

Reduction of Recurrent Tendinitis Scar Using Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Adipose Tissue from the Base of the Tail in Holsteiner Horses (Equus ferus caballus)

“…The tendons are among the tissues most affected by pathologies associated with overloading (Tyrnenopoulou et al, 2016). The damaged tendon recovers, however its function remains altered, implying a substantial risk of a new injury (Violini et al, 2009;Brandão et al, 2018). The probability of recurrence of tendonitis may be as high as 43 % if the horse returns to racing (Roth et al, 2017).…”

“…Autologous forms of MSC present an additional advantage, in that they do not induce an auto-immune response in the host (Bianchi de Di Risio et al, 2004;Brandão et al). Adipose tissue is derived from embryonic mesenchyme, and in the adult, contains a stroma which can easily be isolated, with little stress for the animal and rapid recovery (Zuk et al, 2001(Zuk et al, , 2002.…”