Allocation of fuel costs and CO2-emissions to heat and power in an industrial CHP plant: Case integrated pulp and paper mill

Life cycle assessment of biomass-to-energy systems in Ireland modelled with biomass supply chain optimisation based on greenhouse gas emission reduction

“…Allocation can be avoided by the use of system expansion where the electricity generated displaces the marginal electricity mix [36] or electricity generated in utility plants [35]. There are a number of methods for the allocation of environmental impacts between each product of the CHP, including; allocation based on operational characteristics (grid electricity only, district heat only, credits for grid electricity, credits for district heat) [41], allocation based on thermodynamic properties such as exergy [33,39,40] and energy [38,39,41], and also allocation based on the economic value of the products [38,39].…”

Exergy analysis of a 300 MW lignite thermoelectric power plant

“…Holmberg et al [5] studied the allocation of fuel costs and CO 2 -emissions to heat and power in a CHP plant producing heat to an integrated pulp and paper mill and electricity, by using the energy, exergy and market based methods [6]. The results of this study indicated that depending on the emission factor and efficiency of alternative energy production form, the market based method or the exergy method allocate the lowest CO 2 -emissions to heat.…”

Efficient allocation of CO 2 emissions in China: a zero sum gains data envelopment model

“…Holmberg et al (2012) used the energy, exergy and market based methods to allocate CO 2 emissions and fuel costs. Wei et al (2014) presented a systematic and quantitative method to achieve the "common but differentiated responsibility" CO 2 emission allocation principle.…”