Alliances with Infidels in the European Imperial Expansion

Tuck, Richard

doi:10.1017/cbo9781139016285.004

Empire and Modern Political Thought 2012

DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139016285.004

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Alliances with Infidels in the European Imperial Expansion

Richard Tuck¹

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Cited by 5 publications

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“…As Richard Tuck has pointed out, in addition to constituting a kind of recognition, it also morally freed Europeans for a newly aggressive imperial interventionism through treaties of alliance and military aid that once would have been forbidden as treaties with infidels. 111 But that expansive conception of the law of nations also provided the framework for a powerful line of critique of imperial injustices during this formative period for both European empires and international law. According to this critique, religious and cultural difference was no justification for differential standards of legal and political obligation.…”

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Empire and Legal Universalisms in the Eighteenth Century

Pitts¹

2012

The American Historical Review

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Empire and Legal Universalisms in the Eighteenth Century

Pitts¹

2012

The American Historical Review

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Passes and Protection in the Making of a British Mediterranean

Stein¹

2015

J. Br. Stud.

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Between the end of the seventeenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth, the security of British navigation in and around the corsair-infested waters of the Mediterranean depended on indented parchment passports-Mediterranean passes. This article recovers the history of the Mediterranean pass and traces the development of the Mediterranean pass system from its origins in England's midseventeenth-century treaties with the North African regencies to its role in the emergence of Britain's Mediterranean empire over the course of the long eighteenth century. At its inception, the Mediterranean pass system formed an interstate regulatory regime that mediated between North African and British naval power by providing a means to identify British vessels at sea and to limit the protection of Britain's treaties to them. During the eighteenth century, however, foreign merchants and shipowners, especially from Genoa, sought out the security of British passes by moving to Britain's colonies at Gibraltar and Minorca. The resulting incorporation of foreigners into the British pass system fundamentally altered the nature and significance of the pass and contributed to the development of Britain's imperial presence in the Mediterranean. This article reveals how the growth of British power and the interactions of British consuls and imperial officials with mariners and merchants from around the Mediterranean transformed the pass from a document of identification into an instrument of imperial protection that helped sustain Britain's Mediterranean outposts in the eighteenth century and make possible the dramatic expansion of the British Empire further into that sea at the start of the nineteenth.O n 21 September 1768, two Algerian cruisers returned to port with a Genoese prize carrying a company of 150 Spanish soldiers in transit to Barcelona. This vessel, the St. Antonio, sailed under British colors and under the command of a Gibraltarian named Nicholas Traverso, who possessed a British Mediterranean pass. 1 Britain's treaties with Algiers specified that corsairs were not to molest or capture vessels carrying British passes, but North Africans were well aware that Genoese merchants and shipowners frequently sailed under Tristan Stein is a research associate at the University of Kent. He would like to thank David Armitage, Phil Stern, Will Pettigrew, and the editors and anonymous readers for the Journal of British Studies for their incisive comments and suggestions to earlier versions and drafts of this article. He would also like to thank Perry Gauci for the opportunity to present an early version of this piece at the University of Oxford's Graduate Seminar in History, 1680-1850 and the seminar participants for their helpful discussion. The research and writing of this article were made possible by support from the Leverhulme Trust.

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The Diplomatic Repertoires of the East India Companies in Mughal South Asia, 1608–1717

Meersbergen

2019

Hist. J.

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This article presents the first survey of the full range of diplomatic interactions between the Mughal Empire and the English and Dutch East India Companies (EIC and VOC) in the period 1608–1717. It proposes a typology of the six different modes of diplomacy practised by the EIC and VOC as a means to understand better the distinct nature of corporate diplomacy. Moving its focus beyond exceptional embassies, this article demonstrates that by far the most common forms of Company diplomatic activity consisted of low-profile petitioning at the imperial centre and ongoing political interactions with provincial and local power-holders. It draws on c. fifty distinct episodes to chart how Dutch and English diplomatic repertoires in South Asia took shape in response to local demands and conventions. Both Companies petitioned Mughal emperors in much the same way as Indian subjects did, and both relied on Mughal patrons to do so. Cast in the role of supplicants seeking imperial favour and protection, Company envoys presented themselves as obliging participants in the ceremonial performance of an asymmetrical relationship. By tying commercial privileges to expectations of submission and service, the imperial government proceeded to incorporate these foreign actors into a domestic political framework.

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Alliances with Infidels in the European Imperial Expansion

Cited by 5 publications

References 12 publications

Empire and Legal Universalisms in the Eighteenth Century

Empire and Legal Universalisms in the Eighteenth Century

Passes and Protection in the Making of a British Mediterranean

The Diplomatic Repertoires of the East India Companies in Mughal South Asia, 1608–1717

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