Alleviation of Chlorpyrifos Toxicity in Maize (Zea mays L.) by Reducing Its Uptake and Oxidative Stress in Response to Soil-Applied Compost and Biochar Amendments

Abstract

Chlorpyrifos (CP) is a pesticide used extensively in agricultural crops. Residual CP has been found in a variety of soils, vegetables and fruits indicating a serious danger to humans. Therefore, it is necessary to restrict its entry into agricultural products for food safety. A wire-house pot experiment was conducted with maize plants in biochar- and compost-amended soil (at 0.25% and 0.50%, respectively, in weight-by-weight composition) contaminated with 100 and 200 mg kg−1 of CP, respectively. Results indicated toxicity at both CP levels (with 84% growth reduction) at CP 200 mg kg−1. However, application of compost and biochar at the 0.50% level improved the fresh weight (2.8- and 4-fold, respectively). Stimulated superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) activities and depressed catalase (CAT) activity were recorded in response to CP contamination and were significantly recovered by the amendments. Both amendments significantly decreased the CP phytoavailability. With biochar, 91% and 76% reduction in the CP concentration in maize shoots and with compost 72% and 68% reduction was recorded, at a 0.50% level in 100 and 200 mg kg−1 contaminated treatments respectively. Compost accelerated the CP degradation in postharvest soil. Therefore, biochar and compost amendments can effectively be used to decrease CP entry in agricultural produce by reducing its phytoavailability.

Biochar-Mediated Control of Metabolites and Other Physiological Responses in Water-Stressed Leptocohloa fusca

“…These results are indirectly in line with previous studies wherein BC application alleviated oxidative stress in Brassica chinensis, Carthamus tinctorius, Zea mays, Setaria italica, and Eisenia fetida under different abiotic-stress conditions [34,66,[87][88][89]. However, the current study provides new insights into ROS-MG-induced oxidative stress and its alleviation by BC application.…”

“…Studies have demonstrated that, under water stress, maize and chickpea plants hyper-accumulated tryptophan, phenylalanine, proline, and tyrosine [83,93]. Contrary to these findings, the current study revealed that amino acid substantially reduced under drought stress in L. fusca plants [2,87,[94][95][96][97][98]. Sugars are the most abundant group of organic molecules in plants [2,99].…”

Response of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) to nitric oxide application under cadmium stress

“…Stress conditions can disturb the dynamic equilibrium of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and elimination under normal growth in plants (Javed et al, 2021), which promotes ROS accumulation and membrane lipid peroxidation, and disrupts the structure and function of the cell membrane system (Aziz et al, 2021;Gill et al, 2021). It was reported that an excess of Cd can increase lipid peroxidation and MDA, an oxidized product of membrane lipids, indicating the prevalence of oxidative stress and membrane damage (Rizwan et al, 2019).…”

Effect of Alkaline and Drought Stress on Growth and SOD (Superoxide dismutase) Content in Basil Plant (Ocimum americanum L.)

“…SOD is one of the special mechanisms developed by plants to detoxify superoxide radicals and can be used as an index in detecting varieties with stress resistance, where plant genotypes that are more resistant producehigh SOD values in leaves according to research by Khayatnezhad & Gholamin (2021). In the research of Aziz et al (2021) corn plants that were stressed due to stress showed a significantly increased SOD activity, in which case SOD played an important role in forming H 2 O 2 in free radical dismutation.…”