Allergic Sensitization Is Crucial for the Suppressive Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the Acute Exacerbation of Asthma

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Allergic sensitization is an important factor in the development, severity, and exacerbation of asthma, which is attributed to type 2 (T2) inflammation. Evidence suggests that respiratory bacterial pathogens (e.g., <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>) exert suppressive effects on airway T2 inflammation. To clarify the role of allergic inflammation in bacterial colonization in asthma based on allergic sensitization, we investigated pharyngeal bacterial colonization, biomarkers (e.g., serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and cytokines/chemokines), and symptoms in the acute exacerbation of childhood asthma. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Pharyngeal samples were collected from 53 children (mean/median age 2.7/2.5 years). Serum levels of total and allergen-specific IgE against aeroallergens, ECP, and 17 cytokines/chemokines were measured. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Allergic sensitization was recognized in 62.2% patients. <i>S. pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae,</i> and other bacteria were detected in 47.1%, 11.3%, 11.3%, and 30.1% of all patients, respectively. Patients with <i>S. pneumoniae</i> had a significantly shorter duration of wheezing than those without (4.7 ± 3.6 vs. 7.1 ± 3.5 days, <i>p</i> = 0.024). In patients with allergic sensitization, patients with <i>S. pneumoniae</i> had a significantly shorter duration of wheezing than those without (4.0 ± 3.6 vs. 7.7 ± 4.0 days, <i>p</i> = 0.003). Serum total IgE was significantly lower in patients with <i>S. pneumoniae</i> than in those without (81.9 [7.8–894] vs. 287 [4.4–1,840] IU/mL, <i>p</i> = 0.014). Serum ECP was significantly higher (33.1 [2–109] vs. 7.8 [3–35] ng/mL, <i>p</i> = 0.042), and IFN-γ was significantly lower (5.6 [4–10] vs. 16.4 [7–28] pg/mL, <i>p</i> = 0.032) in patients with allergic sensitization than those without. <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> Our results suggested that the suppressive effects of <i>S. pneumoniae</i> colonization were observed only in patients with allergic sensitization, wherein serum total IgE, ECP, and IFN-γ may have an important role on acute exacerbation of asthma.