Allergic Reactions to Pigments, Metals, and More? Body Art from the Allergist’s Point of View

Schubert, Steffen; Aberer, Werner

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77098-7_7

Cited by 5 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 182 publications

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“…34,47,48 Red shades are most problematic colours in persistent or chronic allergic reactions. 12,34,49 Photosensitive tattoos were reported frequently, for example, by 21.5% of the respondents in the 'beach study' from Denmark. 50 Red colour was reported to be even more often involved in this phenomenon than black tattoos, which maybe pinpoints to a mechanism related to UV-dependent cleavage of azo bonds.…”

Section: Inflammatory Tattoo Reactions and Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Hypersensitivity to permanent tattoos: Literature summary and comprehensive review of patch tested tattoo patients 1997–2022

2023

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We outline constituents of tattoo and permanent make-up ink with regard to inflammatory tattoo reactions and population-based confounders. The comprehensive review of patch-tested tattoo patients between 1997 and 2022 shows that tattoo allergy cannot be reliably diagnosed via patch testing with today's knowledge. Weak penetration and slow haptenization of pigments, unavailability of pigments as test allergens and a lack of knowledge concerning relevant epitopes hamper the diagnosis of tattoo allergy. Patch testing p-phenylenediamine and disperse (textile) dyes is not able to close this gap. Sensitization to metals was associated with all types of tattoo complications, although often not clinically relevant for the tattoo reaction. Binders and industrial biocides are frequently missing on ink declarations and should be patch tested. The pigment carbon black (C.I. 77266) is no skin sensitizer. Patch tests with culprit inks were usually positive with cheap ink products for non-professional use or with professionally used inks in patients with eczematous reactions characterized by papules and infiltration. Tape stripping before patch testing and patch test readings on Day 8 or 10 may improve the diagnostic quality. The meaningfulness of the categorical EU-wide ban of Pigment Green 7 and Pigment Blue 15:3 is not substantiated by the presented data.

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Section: Inflammatory Tattoo Reactions and Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 With the end of the 1980s, these problematic inorganic pigments were largely substituted by organic pigments. 11,12 PMU inks commonly contain inorganic pigments like iron oxides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypersensitivity to permanent tattoos: Literature summary and comprehensive review of patch tested tattoo patients 1997–2022

2023

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“…Regarding the carcinogenic potential, tattoo inks have not been evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC, although some components of the inks have been classified [26].…”

Section: Carcinogenic Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbon black, present in black inks, is considered a potential carcinogen (group 2B) due to its high reactivity and black inks are possibly transported to the human body through the lymphatic system, together with PAHs [18] [19]. Regarding PAHs, their critical effect in relation to tattooing is the carcinogenic potential [26].…”

Section: Carcinogenic Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The decomposition of azo dyes in skin tissue forms PAA that are catalyzed by solar radiation, laser treatment, or pyrolysis. In this case, the carcinogenic effect is considered critical [26]. Among these compounds, anisidine is classified as a carcinogen for humans (Group 1), Nitro-o-toluidine and Chloro-o-toluidine as a probable carcinogen (Group 2A) and 3, 3-dichlorobenzidine as a possible carcinogen (Group 2B).…”

Section: Carcinogenic Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elemental Quantification in Intradermal Tattoo-Inks by Means of Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence

Riffo¹,

Ramírez-Lama²,

Bennun³

2020

JCDSA

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This work describes the application of a detailed set of TXRF evaluations to the elemental content of assorted tattoo inks, on the market of the city of Concepcion, Chile. We applied TXRF as a screening method for determining the composition in 3 sets of tattoo inks, in order to establish, from an inorganic point of view, the composition and purity of the samples, evaluating their elemental innocuousness. The analyzed 48 products were freely acquired from on line suppliers. All of them were analyzed by external standard quantification, but in order to inter-compare the results, a 15% of the samples were acidly digested and then quantified by the internal standard method. In the samples we determined: 1) their inorganic quantitative composition and, 2) the possible presence of elements which are potential health hazards. In this study few anomalies were found: 1) The high presence Ti of and W in few samples, 2) Arsenic was found in four of them, and 3) A trace detection of a rare earth element in a particular product. The products studied are almost freely imported from a world open marked, so the questions about their innocuousness could affect not only to the Chilean society.

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Tattoo-Allergie - Diagnose auf Umwegen?

Schubert,

Wolf,

Schreiver

et al. 2024

Allergo J

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Allergic Reactions to Pigments, Metals, and More? Body Art from the Allergist’s Point of View

Cited by 5 publications

References 182 publications

Hypersensitivity to permanent tattoos: Literature summary and comprehensive review of patch tested tattoo patients 1997–2022

Hypersensitivity to permanent tattoos: Literature summary and comprehensive review of patch tested tattoo patients 1997–2022

Elemental Quantification in Intradermal Tattoo-Inks by Means of Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence

Tattoo-Allergie - Diagnose auf Umwegen?

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