“…The use of premedication is controversial [ 20 , 22 , 28 , 40 , 44 , 48 , 52 , 77 , 78 , 81 – 84 ]. Studies have shown that premedication is useful in reducing the incidence of, but not preventing, immediate and non-immediate reactions to contrast [ 22 , 52 , 80 , 85 – 87 ]. Furthermore, patients can still have life threatening reactions despite premedication, and contrast should be used with caution in patients with a history of reaction [ 22 , 52 , 73 ].…”