Allergic disease and sensitization in Steiner school children

Flöistrup, H.; Swartz, Jacqueline; Bergström, Anna; Alm, Johan; Scheynius, Annika; Hage, Marianne van; Waser, Marco; Braun‐Fahrländer, Charlotte; Schram-Bijkerk, Dieneke; Huber, Machteld; Zutavern, Anne; Mutius, Erika von; Üblagger, E.; Riedler, Josef; Michaels, Karin B.; Pershagen, Göran

doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.09.039

Cited by 169 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…However, it should be noted that there is no clear relationship between allergic sensitization and allergic symptoms. 17,[51][52][53] Although allergic sensitization often overlaps with the occurrence of allergic symptoms, there are also many children without allergen-specific serum IgE/positive SPT that do develop allergic symptoms 17,19,21,22,26,31 and vice versa. 43 There might be a different …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early‐life antibiotic exposure increases the risk of developing allergic symptoms later in life: A meta‐analysis

Ahmadizar

Vijverberg

Arets

et al. 2017

Allergy

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This study systematically reviewed and quantified the relationship between exposure to antibiotics during the first 2 years of life and the risk of allergies/atopies including hay fever, eczema, food allergy, positive skin prick testing (SPT), or elevated allergen-specific serum/plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels later in life.PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for observational studies published from January 1966 through November 11, 2015. Overall pooled estimates of the odds ratios (ORs) were obtained using fixed or random-effects models. Earlylife exposure to antibiotics appears to be related to an increased risk of allergic symptoms of hay fever, eczema, and food allergy later in life. The summary OR for the risk of hay fever (22 studies Early-life exposure to antibiotics has been related to some later life morbidities such as obesity, arthritis, asthma, and allergies. 6,7 A meta-analysis from 2006 showed a higher risk of asthma among those children exposed to antibiotics in early childhood. 8 However, a more recent meta-analysis from 2011 reported that the association between antibiotics exposure and subsequent development of wheeze/asthma was weak when the analysis was adjusted for reverse causation and confounding by indication. 9Several studies have suggested that early-life exposure to antibiotics is associated with an increased risk of developing allergies and atopies later in life, but results are inconsistent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess and quantify the relationship between early-life exposure to antibiotics and the risk of developing symptoms of hay fever, eczema, food allergy, positive skin prick testing (SPT), or elevated allergen-specific serum/plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels later in life.Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; IgE, immunoglobulin E; OR, odds ratio; SPT, skin prick test.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early‐life antibiotic exposure increases the risk of developing allergic symptoms later in life: A meta‐analysis

Ahmadizar

Vijverberg

Arets

et al. 2017

Allergy

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“…More generally, there is a concern that altering the composition of the microbiota will interfere with some of the human-microbe interactions that are integral to human physiology (6). Although most courses of antibiotics result in no immediate signs or symptoms, acute (7) and chronic (8,9) health problems are associated with antibiotic use.…”

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confidence: 99%

Incomplete recovery and individualized responses of the human distal gut microbiota to repeated antibiotic perturbation

Dethlefsen

Relman

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,931

1,632

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The indigenous human microbiota is essential to the health of the host. Although the microbiota can be affected by many features of modern life, we know little about its responses to disturbance, especially repeated disturbances, and how these changes compare with baseline temporal variation. We examined the distal gut microbiota of three individuals over 10 mo that spanned two courses of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, analyzing more than 1.7 million bacterial 16S rRNA hypervariable region sequences from 52 to 56 samples per subject. Interindividual variation was the major source of variability between samples. Day-to-day temporal variability was evident but constrained around an average community composition that was stable over several months in the absence of deliberate perturbation. The effect of ciprofloxacin on the gut microbiota was profound and rapid, with a loss of diversity and a shift in community composition occurring within 3–4 d of drug initiation. By 1 wk after the end of each course, communities began to return to their initial state, but the return was often incomplete. Although broadly similar, community changes after ciprofloxacin varied among subjects and between the two courses within subjects. In all subjects, the composition of the gut microbiota stabilized by the end of the experiment but was altered from its initial state. As with other ecosystems, the human distal gut microbiome at baseline is a dynamic regimen with a stable average state. Antibiotic perturbation may cause a shift to an alternative stable state, the full consequences of which remain unknown.

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“…Another example is an anthroposophic lifestyle, which includes a diet that is generally based on organically and/or biodynamically produced foods and consumption of vegetables preserved by fermentation with lactobacilli. In addition, individuals with an anthroposophic lifestyle have a restrictive use of antibiotics, antipyretics, and vaccinations (3,10). Certain characteristics of the anthroposophic lifestyle have previously been shown to correlate with the composition of the intestinal microbiota in infants by traditional cultivation-based approaches (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Fingerprinting of the Fecal Microbiota of Children Raised According to Different Lifestyles

Dicksved

Flöistrup

Bergström

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

111

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In this population-based study, 90 children from three European countries were examined to determine the impact of lifestyle on the fecal microbiota. The study was designed to assess the impact of two extreme lifestyles that we hypothesized could impact the microbial composition in the gut: i.e., an anthroposophic lifestyle (restricted use of antibiotics, greater consumption of fermented vegetables, etc.) versus living on a farm (greater consumption of farm milk, contact with animals, etc.). In previous studies, these lifestyles correlated with lower prevalence of allergies. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) was used to assess the bacterial composition in fecal samples since recent studies have shown that the majority of this community cannot be cultivated. The T-RFLP data were used to calculate richness and evenness of the fecal microbiota. Children that were attending Steiner schools (anthroposophic children) had a significantly higher diversity of microbes in their feces than farm children, who in turn also had lower diversity than the control groups. Specific primers were also used to focus on the Lactobacillus-like community (lactic acid bacteria [LAB]). Large differences were found in the LAB subpopulations in the sampled groups. In some children, the LAB subpopulation was dominated by a species that has not yet been cultivated.

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Allergic disease and sensitization in Steiner school children

Cited by 169 publications

References 31 publications

Early‐life antibiotic exposure increases the risk of developing allergic symptoms later in life: A meta‐analysis

Early‐life antibiotic exposure increases the risk of developing allergic symptoms later in life: A meta‐analysis

Incomplete recovery and individualized responses of the human distal gut microbiota to repeated antibiotic perturbation

Molecular Fingerprinting of the Fecal Microbiota of Children Raised According to Different Lifestyles

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