Allergen dose response and late symptoms in a human model of ocular allergy

Adhesion molecules of allergic inflammation: recent insights into their functional roles

“…These soluble factors act on different targets, including endothelial cells, which thus initiate the inflammatory process. Through all these subsequent stages, inflammatory cells reach the mucosa surfaces, where they can be observed; for instance, in BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) fluid of astbnia (10), nasal lavage fluid in rhinitis (45), and lachrymal fluid in conjunctivitis (9,52).…”

Cellular changes in tears associated with keratoconjunctival responses induced by nasal allergy

“…Mostly eosinophils and neutrophils, sporadically mast cells and lymphocytes, were found in conjunctival epithelium and sub-epithelial layers. 11,13,16,[19][20][21][22]25,28,[34][35][36] However, because of their unsuitability for repeated application on the same location, no dynamic course of the cellular changes in the conjunctival tissue could be gained by these techniques. On the other hand, the cytologic examination of tears, collected by means of aspiration with a micropipette, is a very simple and valuable method, which can be repeated almost endlessly, requires no anesthesia, does not traumatize the ocular tissue, and is most similar to the natural drainage of tears.…”

“…Nevertheless, the cytologic studies of tears in keratoconjunctivitis patients are not numerous. 11,16,20,25,36,43 There is a dearth of data documenting the dynamic course of the cytologic changes in tears during particular types of the primary keratoconjunctival response to CPT with allergens. 2,3,10,11,16,20,25,34,36,44 Moreover, no Keratoconjunctival response-cytologic changes in tears Z Pelikan…”

“…These tests, performed on a certain organ, may definitely (1) confirm the existence of an allergic component in the particular and/or related organ(s); (2) demonstrate that a certain allergen causes indeed a certain response type in the particular organ, which can be measured quantitatively in its dynamic course; (3) to confirm the causal role of an allergic reaction occurring initially in one organ, in the secondarily induced response of another organ 7,9,10,26,[38][39][40][41] The conjunctival provocation tests with allergens are a suitable technique to demonstrate the primary conjunctival/keratoconjunctival responses resulting from direct exposure of the ocular tissue to an external allergen. 4,11,16,17,20,25,33,35,36,38,[42][43][44] However, they are unable to detect conjunctival/keratoconjunctival responses induced secondarily by an allergic reaction occurring initially in the nasal mucosa. These responses can only be detected by the NPT with allergens, in combination with registration of ocular features.…”

“…3,4,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][28][29][30][31]34,37,43,44 This is also an exfoliative process leading to release of various cells into the particular media, such as tears or nasal secretions. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]13,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]25,26,[28][29][30]34,…”