Allelopathy and Allelochemicals of Solidago canadensis L. and S. altissima L. for Their Naturalization

Abstract

Solidago canadensis L. and Solidago altissima L. are native to North America and have naturalized many other continents including Europa and Asia. Their species is an aggressive colonizer and forms thick monospecific stands. The evidence of the allelopathy for S. canadensis and S. altissima has accumulated in the literature since the late 20th century. The root exudates, extracts, essential oil and rhizosphere soil of S. canadensis suppressed the germination, growth and the arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of several plants, including native plant species. Allelochemicals such as fatty acids, terpenes, flavonoids, polyphenols and their related compounds were identified in the extracts and essential oil of S. canadensis. The concentrations of total phenolics, total flavonoids and total saponins in the rhizosphere soil of S. canadensis obtained from the invasive ranges were greater than those from the native ranges. Allelochemicals such as terpenes, flavonoids, polyacetylene and phenols were also identified in the extracts, essential oil and the rhizosphere soil in S. altissima. Among the identified allelochemicals of S. altissima, the cis-dehydromatricaria ester may be involved in the allelopathy considering its growth inhibitory activity and its concentration in the rhizosphere soil. Therefore, the allelopathy of S. canadensis and S. altissima may support their invasiveness, naturalization and formation of thick monospecific stands. This is the first review article focusing on the allelopathy of both of S. canadensis and S. altissima.

Isolation and identification of allelochemicals and their activities and functions

“…Two other medicinal plants, Albizia richardiana (Fabaceae family) and Elaeocarpus floribundus (Elaeocarpaceae family) showed allelopathic activity, and two novel compounds, 3-hydroxy-4-oxo-β-dehydroionol (11) and elaeocarpunone (12) were isolated, respectively (Fig. 8).…”

“…Allelochemicals also disturb the mutualism of receiver plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and/or rhizobia. [10][11][12] Rhizobium nodulation occurs in legumes, and enhances the host plant performance through the supply of ammonium and nitrogen to the host plants. 13,14) Colonization of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi occurs in the most territorial plants, and enhances the host plant performance through the increasing the absorption of water and nutrients, photosynthesis of the host plants, and their defense functions against pathogen attacks and stress conditions.…”

Invasive Mechanisms of One of the World’s Worst Alien Plant Species Mimosa pigra and Its Management

“…Allelopathy is the interaction between donor plants and their neighboring plants through certain secondary metabolites that are defined as allelochemicals [ 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 ]. The allelochemicals are released into the vicinity of the donor plants either by volatilization, rainfall leachates, root exudation and decomposition processes of donor plant residues, and they suppress the germination, growth and establishment of neighboring plants, as well as exhibiting mutualism with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [ 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 ]. Since allelochemicals are synthesized and stored in certain plant tissues until releasing into the vicinity of donor plants [ 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 ], several researchers determined the allelopathic activity in the residues of the leaves and extracts from different plant parts of M. pigra .…”

“…Total annual litterfall of M. pigra was estimated to be 758 g m 2 [ 98 ], and such a litterfall may be one of the sources of allelochemicals of the species. Allelochemicals of the invasive plant species suppressed the regeneration process of the native plant species in their invasive ranges [ 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 ]. Allelochemicals of M. pigra may also suppress the regeneration process of the native plant species through the inhibition of their germination and growth.…”

The complete chloroplast genome assembly of Solidago altissima (Lineaus, 1753) (Astereae; Asteraceae)

“… 2015 ; Verloove et al. 2017 ; Kato-Noguchi and Kato 2022 ). This species demonstrates strong invasiveness in both disturbed areas and natural ecosystems, such as grasslands, meadows, and forest edges (Sakata et al.…”