ALLELIC SEX DETERMINATION IN A LOWER HYMENOPTERAN,<i>NEODIPRION NIGROSCUTUM</i>MIDD

Smith, Stanley G.; Wallace, David Rains

doi:10.1139/g71-089

Cited by 50 publications

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“…The common initiation of experimental stocks with very small numbers of wild-caught individuals increases the importance of this bias. For example, the stock of Neodiprion nigroscutum used by Smith & Wallace (1971) had its origin in a single, wildcaught pair.…”

Section: Evidence For Csd In Arrhenotokous Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even if all mortality was due to diploid males, the observed sex ratio of diploids is still significantly different from 1:1 CSD with one or a few loci Neodiprion nigroscutum. In the fourth generation of a culture started from a single, wild-caught pair of sawflies, Smith & Wallace (1971) noted a bimodal distribution of male pupal weight. Cytological study revealed the existence of haploid and diploid males, with the latter, on average, 20-30 per cent heavier.…”

Section: Jmcookmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex determination in the Hymenoptera: a review of models and evidence

1993

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The haploid males and diploid females of Hymenoptera have all chromosomes in the same proportions. This rules out most familiar sex-determining mechanisms, which rely on dosage differences at sex determination loci. Two types of model -genic balance and complementary sex determination (CSD) -have been invoked for Hymenoptera. Experimental studies provide no good evidence for genic balance models, which are contradicted by the detection of diploid males in 33 disparate species. Furthermore, recent advances have shown that sex determination in the beststudied diploid animals does not depend on genic balance, removing the original justification for hymenopteran genic balance models. Instead, several Hymenoptera have single-locus CSD. In this system, sex locus heterozyotes are female while homozygotes and hemizygotes are male. Singlelocus CSD does not apply to several inbreeding species and this probably reflects selection against the regular production of diploid males, which are sterile. A multilocus CSD model, in which heterozygosity at any one of several sex loci leads to female development has also been proposed. To date, multilocus CSD has not been demonstrated but several biases against its detection must be considered. CSD can apply to thelytokous races as long as the cytogenetic mechanism permits retention of sex locus heterozygosity. However, some thelytokous races clearly do not have CSD. The distribution of species with and without CSD suggests that this form of sex determination may be ancestral in the Hymenoptera. However, phylogenetic analyses are hindered by the lack of data from several superfamilies and the fact that the internal phylogeny of the Hymenoptera remains controversial.

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Section: Evidence For Csd In Arrhenotokous Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Jmcookmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex determination in the Hymenoptera: a review of models and evidence

1993

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“…Only two members of the suborder Symphyta have been studied (Smith & Wallace 1971;Several independent loci The above equations give the probability of any initially dimorphic locus being in state X, Y or Z after t generations. As Crozier's model specified independent loci, the fixation probability of each sex determination locus does not depend on any other sex locus.…”

Section: Tests Of Mutt/locus Csdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This system of single locus complementary sex determination (CSD) has also been demonstrated in another parasitoid wasp Diadromus puichellus (Periquet et a!., 1993), as well as the bees Apis mellifera (Mackensen, 1951;Woyke, 1965) and A. cerana (Woyke, 1979;Hoshiba eta!., 1981) and the sawfly Athalia rosae (Naito & Suzuki, 1991). It appears that single locus CSD also operates in the sawfly Neodiprion nigroscutum (Smith & Wallace, 1971), the fire ant Solenopsis invicta (Hung et a!., 1972(Hung et a!., , 1974Hung & Vinson, 1976;Ross & Fletcher, 1985, 1986 and the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata (Camargo, 1979), although data from these species do not strictly exclude a multilocus model (Cook, 1993). Diploid males have been detected in more than 20 other 130 species of Hymenoptera, comprising ants, bees and wasps, but comprehensive tests of single locus CSD have not been carried out in these species (Cook, 1993) It is clear that single locus CSD does not apply to all Hymenoptera as prolonged inbreeding does not lead to diploid male production in some species of parasitoid wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental tests of sex determination in Goniozus nephantidis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

Cook

1993

Heredity

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Single locus complementary sex determination (CSD) occurs in several species of Hymenoptera. Individuals that carry two different alleles (heterozygotes) are female while those with one and two copies of the same allele (hemizygotes and homozygotes) are haploid and diploid males, respectively. A multilocus model, in which diploids are only male if homozygous at all sex loci, has been proposed for species with regular but not exclusive inbreeding. To date, the only explicit test of the multilocus model is for Nasonia vitripennis. The latter is an inbreeding species in the Infraorder Parasitica and was shown not to conform to the multilocus model. In this study, inbreeding experiments are used to refute single and multilocus sex determination in a second inbreeding hymenopteran, Goniozus nephantidis (Infra-order Aculeata). Single locus CSD has been demonstrated in five other aculeates and G. nephantidis is the first aculeate species shown not to have CSD. The absence of CSD in G. nephantidis is probably a derived condition, favoured by the penalty of increased diploid male production under inbreeding.

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“…sl-CSD has been documented in more than 40 species distributed widely over the major taxonomic subgroups of the order Hymenoptera (Smith and Wallace, 1971;Cook, 1993b;Beukeboom, 1995), and is the prevalent system in the clade that includes the Ichneumonoidea (Whiting, 1943;Butcher et al, 2000b) and the aculeate (stinging) Hymenoptera (Mackensen, 1950;Ross and Fletcher, 1985;Duchateau et al, 1994). The wide distribution of sl-CSD across multiple clades suggests that it may be an ancestral character state in Hymenoptera (Cook, 1993b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-locus complementary sex determination in the inbreeding wasp Euodynerus foraminatus Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Stahlhut

Cowan

2003

Heredity

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The Hymenoptera have arrhenotokous haplodiploidy in which males normally develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, while females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid. Multiple sex determination systems are known to underlie haplodiploidy, and the best understood is singlelocus complementary sex determination (sl-CSD) in which sex is determined at a single polymorphic locus. Individuals heterozygous at the sex locus develop as females; individuals that are hemizygous (haploid) or homozygous (diploid) at the sex locus develop as males. sl-CSD can be detected with inbreeding experiments that produce diploid males in predictable proportions as well as sex ratio shifts due to diploid male production. This sex determination system is considered incompatible with inbreeding because the ensuing increase in homozygosity increases the production of diploid males that are inviable or infertile, imposing a high cost on matings between close relatives. However, in the solitary hunting wasp Euodynerus foraminatus, a species suspected of having sl-CSD, inbreeding may be common due to a high incidence of sibling matings at natal nests. In laboratory crosses with E. foraminatus, we find that sex ratios and diploid male production (detected as microsatellite heterozygosity) are consistent with sl-CSD, but not with other sex determination systems. This is the first documented example of sl-CSD in a hymenopteran with an apparent natural history of inbreeding, and thus presents a paradox for our understanding of hymenopteran genetics.

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ALLELIC SEX DETERMINATION IN A LOWER HYMENOPTERAN,NEODIPRION NIGROSCUTUMMIDD

Cited by 50 publications

References 1 publication

Sex determination in the Hymenoptera: a review of models and evidence

Sex determination in the Hymenoptera: a review of models and evidence

Experimental tests of sex determination in Goniozus nephantidis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

Single-locus complementary sex determination in the inbreeding wasp Euodynerus foraminatus Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

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