All You Need is DAG

Keidar, Idit; Kokoris-Kogias, Eleftherios; Naor, Oded; Spiegelman, Alexander

doi:10.1145/3465084.3467905

Cited by 70 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Network Layer [37], [38], [47], [39]- [46] 4 Data Layer [48], [49], [58]- [65], [50] Quantum Properties [18], [21], [89], [26], [28], [31], [41], [44], [46], [70], [88] 2 Hash Based Signature [24], [25], [50], [56], [58], [59], [71] 3 Code-Based Cryptography [22] 4 Lattice Based Cryptography [20], [23], [53], [54], [57], [62], [63], [90], [38]- [40], [43], [45], [49], [51], [52] 5 Multivariate Cryptography [37], [55], [64] 6 Directed Acyclic Graph [66], [67] 7 Quantum Blind Signature…”

Section: Data Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blockchain in the Quantum World

Faridi¹,

Masood²,

Shamsan³

et al. 2022

IJACSA

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Blockchain is one of the most discussed and highly accepted technologies, primarily due to its application in almost every field where third parties are needed for trust. Blockchain technology relies on distributed consensus for trust, which is accomplished using hash functions and public-key cryptography. Most of the cryptographic algorithms in use today are vulnerable to quantum attacks. In this work, a systematic literature review is done so that it can be repeated, starting with identifying the research questions. Focusing on these research questions, literature is analysed to find the answers to these questions. The survey is completed by answering the research questions and identification of the research gaps. It is found in the literature that 30% of the research solutions are applicable for the data layer, 24% for the application and presentation layer, 23% for the network layer, 16% for the consensus layer and only 1% for hardware and infrastructure layer. We also found that 6% of the solutions are not blockchain-based but present different distributed ledger technology.

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Section: Data Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6) Directed acyclic graph: A distributed ledger technology, a DAG [66], is an alternative to regular blockchain that seeks to solve blockchain technology's speed, scalability, and cost concerns. DAG is also a system that uses a digital ledger to keep track of transactions.…”

Section: ) Multivariate Cryptographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain in the Quantum World

Faridi¹,

Masood²,

Shamsan³

et al. 2022

IJACSA

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“…An alternative, termed digital social contracts [6], extends the notion of self-sovereignty from personal cryptocurrencies to smart contracts, in proposing that the vetted parties to a contract also execute it, rather than third-party miners. Consensus-based digital social contracts can be realized by any of the 'permissioned' blockchainconsensus protocols, using State-Machine Replication [41] or Byzantine Atomic Broadcast [21]. These could be the basis for truly-autonomous democratic alternatives to ordinary DAOs [14], democratic DAOs in the service of a grassroots economy:…”

Section: Layer 3: Digital Social Contracts For Democratic Daosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(3) Ordering, based on blockchain consensus, State-Machine Replication, or Byzantine Atomic Broadcast [7,21,41].…”

Section: Introduction and Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sovereign Cryptocurrencies: A Foundation for a Grassroots Digital Economy

Shapiro¹

2022

Preprint

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The ecosystem of cryptocurrencies benefits the few and exacerbates economic inequality. Here, we aim to offer an egalitarian and inclusive alternative by morphing the concepts, tools and technologies developed by the cryptocurrencies ecosystem, together with the distributed computing technology that enabled it, into novel foundations for grassroots cryptoeconomy. The foundations are layered, with each layer consisting of a cryptoeconomic component and a computational component, supporting the layers above.The cryptoeconomic layers include, from the ground up: (i) Self-sovereign personal cryptocurrencies, a novel concept, that achieves liquidity through personal currency exchange and equality of coin-value through coin redemption among liquid personal currencies; (ii) non-fungible tokens (NFTs) trade network, an abstract counterpart of asset-transfer objects; both layers are augmented with novel consensus-free multisignature accounts; and (iii) digital social contracts/democratic DAOs, which are consensus-based smart contracts autonomously executed by their vetted participants, rather than by third-party miners. The economic layers are designed so that they can be implemented by their corresponding computational layers -an established hierarchy in distributed computing: (i) dissemination with leader-based double-spending prevention; (ii) reliable broadcast, supermajority-based double-spending prevention; and (iii) ordering, based on blockchain consensus, State-Machine Replication, or Byzantine Atomic Broadcast. Importantly, the first two layers are consensus-free, whereas the third layer-like mainstream cryptocurrencies-is consensus-based.Trust is a key differentiator between mainstream cryptocurrencies, which purport to be trustless, and grassroots cryptoeconomy, which is trust-based: Personal cryptocurrencies assume trust in the person issuing a currency; multi-signature accounts assume trust in the specified supermajority of the designated signatories; the NFT trade network assumes trust in two-thirds of the traders; and consensus-based digital social contracts assume trust in two-thirds of the parties to the contract.Mathematical uniformity within the layered architecture is achieved by specifying all components-both cryptoeconomic and computational-as distributed multiagent transition systems. This facilitates specifying the horizontal implementations of cryptoeconomic components by computational components as mappings among the transition systems that specify them, in line with the vertical implementations of each computational component by the component below it. The vertical implementations are known, and so are horizontal implementations at the consensus-based third layer and the implementation of asset-transfer objects by reliable broadcast.Here, our focus is the cryptoeconomic components of the novel consensus-free zone -self-sovereign personal cryptocurrencies, an NFT trade network, and their multisignature accounts: We formalize them; demonstrate their economic functionality via use cases; present and...

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“…Asynchronous BFT. Several recent proposals focus on improving the communication complexity and latency, including HoneyBadgerBFT [26], VABA [2], Dumbo-BFT [16], Dumbo-MVBA [24], ACE [35], Aleph [13], and DAG-Rider [18]. The state-of-the-art protocols for asynchronous SMR have O(n 2 ) cost per decision [35], or amortized O(n) cost per decision after transaction batching [13,16,18,24].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jolteon and Ditto: Network-Adaptive Efficient Consensus with Asynchronous Fallback

Gelashvili¹,

Kokoris-Kogias²,

Sonnino³

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

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Existing committee-based Byzantine state machine replication (SMR) protocols, typically deployed in production blockchains, face a clear trade-off: (1) they either achieve linear communication cost in the happy path, but sacrifice liveness during periods of asynchrony, or (2) they are robust (progress with probability one) but pay quadratic communication cost. We believe this trade-off is unwarranted since existing linear protocols still have asymptotic quadratic cost in the worst case.We design Ditto, a Byzantine SMR protocol that enjoys the best of both worlds: optimal communication on and off the happy path (linear and quadratic, respectively) and progress guarantee under asynchrony and DDoS attacks. We achieve this by replacing the view-synchronization of partially synchronous protocols with an asynchronous fallback mechanism at no extra asymptotic cost. Specifically, we start from Hot-Stuff, a state-of-the-art linear protocol, and gradually build Ditto. As a separate contribution and an intermediate step, we design a 2-chain version of HotStuff, Jolteon, which leverages a quadratic view-change mechanism to reduce the latency of the standard 3-chain HotStuff.We implement and experimentally evaluate all our systems. Notably, Jolteon's commit latency outperforms Hot-Stuff by 200-300ms with varying system size. Additionally, Ditto adapts to the network and provides better performance than Jolteon under faulty conditions and better performance than VABA (a state-of-the-art asynchronous protocol) under faultless conditions. This proves our case that breaking the robustness-efficiency trade-off is in the realm of practicality.

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All You Need is DAG

Cited by 70 publications

References 45 publications

Blockchain in the Quantum World

Blockchain in the Quantum World

Sovereign Cryptocurrencies: A Foundation for a Grassroots Digital Economy

Jolteon and Ditto: Network-Adaptive Efficient Consensus with Asynchronous Fallback

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