2008
DOI: 10.1186/ar2569
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All-trans retinoic acid suppresses interleukin-6 expression in interleukin-1-stimulated synovial fibroblasts by inhibition of ERK1/2 pathway independently of RAR activation

Abstract: Introduction Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is thought to play a pathogenic role in rheumatoid arthritis and synovium is a major source of IL-6 release. We investigated the ability of retinoids to suppress IL-6 expression in IL-1-stimulated synovial fibroblasts, with special care to the contribution of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) subtypes, and the implication of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.

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Cited by 39 publications
(34 citation statements)
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“…For instance by IPA, p38 MAPK is activated by phospholipase C [44], Cdc42 [45], and LXR/RXR [46] signaling. Although initially identified as a protein kinase activated by stress, p38 MAPK signaling coordinates cellular responses during erythropoiesis [47].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For instance by IPA, p38 MAPK is activated by phospholipase C [44], Cdc42 [45], and LXR/RXR [46] signaling. Although initially identified as a protein kinase activated by stress, p38 MAPK signaling coordinates cellular responses during erythropoiesis [47].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…RA exists in three main stereoisomeric forms, all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), 13-cis RA, and 9-cis RA, among which atRA is the primary biologically active form in brain. RA also exerts anti-inflammatory efficacy via repressing the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-12, and TNF␣ (13)(14)(15)(16) and modulating NFB signaling (17,18).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Here we aim to investigate the potential modulation of BACE1 expression by RA and its underlying mechanism. Based on the known potent modulatory role of RA in immune response (13)(14)(15)(16), we speculated that RA might be able to suppress BACE1 expression under inflammatory conditions. It should be stressed that in comparison with the peripheral system, the anti-inflammatory role of RA in CNS remains largely elusive.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, main immediate early antigens (IEA) were found to increase the enhancer acitivity of interleukin 6 (1,30) and ATRA was found to inhibit interleukin 6 via its receptors (31). Thus, it is presumable that the inhibitory effect of ATRA on interleukin 6 via ATRA receptors may relieve HCMV infection to some degree.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%