All-Terrain Vehicle Safety―Potential Effectiveness of the Quadbar as a Crush Prevention Device

Myers, Melvin L.

doi:10.3390/safety2010003

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, because the vast majority of pediatric deaths and injuries occur with adult-size vehicles, design changes, like seat design, that discourage youth riding would be of value and could prevent riding of these vehicles both at night and during the day (Jennissen et al 2014). Promising results have also been seen in studies of crush protection devices that prevent or reduce the severity of being hit/pinned by the ATV (Lower and Trotter 2014;Meyers 2016).…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dark side of nighttime all-terrain vehicle use

et al. 2021

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Background Driving at night is considered a risk factor for all-terrain vehicle (ATV) crashes and injuries but few studies have addressed this issue. Our objective was to compare daytime and nighttime ATV crashes to better understand the potential risk factors associated with riding at night. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on Iowa ATV-related crashes and injuries from January 1, 2002 through December 31, 2019 using four statewide datasets: the Iowa Department of Transportation (2002–2019), the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (2002–2019), the Iowa State Trauma Registry (2002–2018) and Iowa newspaper clippings (2009–2019). A standardized coding system was developed, and matching records were identified using Link Plus®. Descriptive (frequencies) and bivariate (chi-square, Fisher's exact test) analyses were performed using VassarStats (Statistical Computation Website). Results Among crash victims where light conditions were documented (2125/3752, 57%), about one-quarter (485/2125, 23%) were injured at night. Nighttime crash victims were less likely youth (14% vs. 30%, p < 0.0001), less likely to be wearing helmets (11% vs. 18%, p = 0.003), and less frequently involved in motor vehicle crashes (7% vs. 14%, p < 0.0001) as compared to daytime victims. Nighttime victims were also more likely to be passengers (22% vs. 15%, p = 0.002), to test positive for alcohol (44% vs. 13% in adults, p < 0.0001), and to be injured on a roadway (53% vs. 45%, p = 0.007) and on weekends (76% vs. 63%, p < 0.0001). Numerous differences between daytime and nighttime characteristics were observed for males, females, and adults, whereas most characteristics were similar for youth. The severity of injuries and proportion of fatalities were similar among daytime and nighttime crash victims. Conclusions Nighttime crash victims, particularly adults, were characterized by more frequent risky behaviors like carrying passengers, roadway riding, alcohol use, and lack of helmets. Whereas the frequency of risky behaviors among youth was similar for daytime and nighttime crashes, these behaviors put children at potential risk for injury. Multi-factorial, targeted injury prevention strategies are needed, including improved vehicle design, education about the dangers of nighttime operation, and passage and enforcement of ATV safety laws. Particularly relevant to our study are laws that prohibit nighttime riding.

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Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dark side of nighttime all-terrain vehicle use

et al. 2021

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“…Moreover, because the vast majority of pediatric deaths and injuries occur with adult-size vehicles, design changes, like seat design, that discourage youth riding would be of value and could prevent riding of these vehicles both at night and during the day [27]. Promising results have also been seen in studies of crush protection devices that prevent or reduce the severity of being hit/pinned by the ATV [28,29].…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Dark Side of Nighttime All-Terrain Vehicle Use

Jennissen

Stange

Fjeld

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background Driving at night is considered a risk factor for all-terrain vehicle (ATV) crashes and injuries but few studies have addressed this issue. Our objective was to compare daytime and nighttime ATV crashes to better understand the potential risk factors associated with riding at night. MethodsA retrospective study was conducted on Iowa ATV-related crashes and injuries from January 1, 2002 through December 31, 2019 using four statewide datasets: the Iowa Department of Transportation (2002-2019), the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (2002-2019), the Iowa State Trauma Registry (2002-2018) and Iowa newspaper clippings (2009-2019). A standardized coding system was developed, and matching records were identified using Link Plus®. Descriptive (frequencies) and bivariate (chi-square, Fishers exact test) analyses were performed using VassarStats (Statistical Computation Website).ResultsAmong crash victims where light conditions were documented (2125/3752, 57%), about one-quarter (485/2125, 23%) were injured at night. Nighttime crash victims were less likely youth (14% vs. 30%, p<0.0001), less likely to be wearing helmets (11% vs. 18%, p=0.003), and less frequently involved in motor vehicle crashes (7% vs. 14%, p<0.0001) as compared to daytime victims. Nighttime victims were also more likely to be passengers (22% vs. 15%, p=0.002), to test positive for alcohol (44% vs. 13% in adults, p<0.0001), and to be injured on a roadway (53% vs. 45%, p=0.007) and on weekends (76% vs. 63%, p<0.0001). Numerous differences between daytime and nighttime characteristics were observed for males, females, and adults, whereas most characteristics were similar for youth. The severity of injuries and proportion of fatalities were similar among daytime and nighttime crash victims.ConclusionsNighttime crash victims, particularly adults, were characterized by more frequent risky behaviors like carrying passengers, roadway riding, alcohol use, and lack of helmets. Whereas the frequency of risky behaviors among youth was similar for daytime and nighttime crashes, these behaviors put children at potential risk for injury. Multi-factorial, targeted injury prevention strategies are needed, including improved vehicle design, education about the dangers of nighttime operation, and passage and enforcement of ATV safety laws. Particularly relevant to our study are laws that prohibit nighttime riding.

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“…The use and sales of ROPS for quad bikes are, however very low, despite that it has long been proposed by researchers, and despite that several models have been developed over the last thirty years (Dahle 1987;Edenhamn 1990b;Rizzi 2010;Shulruf and Balemi 2010;Grzebieta et al 2015f;Myers 2016;Khorsandi et al 2019;Strohfeldt 2019). Some recent changes are, however, occurring; quad bike ROPS are today a legal requirement in Israel and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission suggests it to be a legal requirement in Australia as well.…”

Section: Injury Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of rollover protection systems and trailers on quad bike stability

Edlund

Lindroos

Nordfjell

2020

International Journal of Forest Engineering

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Quad bikes are lightweight vehicles which are used for transportation of personnel, equipment, and material in forestry operations such as planning, logging, planting, and fire-fighting. With increased quad bike usage, serious injuries have become an increasing concern. The most common forms of severe incidents occur when a quad bike loses stability, causing injuries as it rolls over the rider trapped beneath. The risk of injuries during a rollover incident can be decreased by equipping the vehicle with rollover protection systems (ROPS), but since ROPS tend to decrease the stability of quad bikes, their use can be a trade-off between the risk of overturning and the outcome of any such incident. In this study, we examine the effects of approach angle, trailer load, ROPS and different hardware configurations on a quad bike's static stability. We found that approach angle and trailer configurations influenced the vehicle's stability, although the effect was difficult to quantify in a static environment. Furthermore, the quad bike's stability was negatively influenced by equipping it with a heavy (44 kg) ROPS. It reduced the static stability by an average of 5.1°, while a light (14.7 kg) prototype ROPS only reduced the vehicle's static stability by an average of 1.0°. The negative impact a ROPS has on a quad bike's lateral stability could be effectively counteracted by increasing the quad bike's track width. Increasing track width by less than 2% (20 mm) compensated for any negative impact that the light prototype ROPS had on the quad bike's lateral stability.

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All-Terrain Vehicle Safety―Potential Effectiveness of the Quadbar as a Crush Prevention Device

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

The dark side of nighttime all-terrain vehicle use

The dark side of nighttime all-terrain vehicle use

The Dark Side of Nighttime All-Terrain Vehicle Use

The effect of rollover protection systems and trailers on quad bike stability

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