| RACE IN EDUCATION findings, and sets examples for practice and further such studies. As with the DST and C4C techniques employed in training teachers, described in Chapter 2, here is another example of research that is also social practice. The value of the approach has been recognised in some cases by the schools involved in the project. Finally, Chapter 4 reflects on volkekunde (physical anthropology) and its enormous immediate influence on what was formerly taught at tertiary education institutions, and on the introduction of the apartheid system, the motivation and justification for it, and its maintenance. The author explores the European origins of the ideas of natural kinds within humanity, and then the "scientific" techniques and instruments used to prove racist theories of a hierarchy of races. The project itself was triggered by the author's discovery of instruments that served the purposes of measuring race, employed by lecturers, in this case at Stellenbosch University, from the early twentieth century-hair and eye samples, measuring instruments, and the findings and immediate and longitudinal consequences of such "research". The chapter also reveals the training of those who practised these explorations on humans, those subjects who were classified as "coloured", most immediately problematic in the political arguments for distinct "races". In this final chapter, Walters leaves us with words appropriate to this publication as a whole, and arguably to The Effects of Race project itself: The spectre of racial classification was made manifest in these objects [the measuring implements]. It embodied the ruins of an archaic science, but also the ruins of a society that functions according to racial classification. When age-old, archaic scientific objects can cause an upheaval, when it is able to haunt, its ghost has not been laid to rest. There is global evidence that "ghosts" of notions of essentialist differences between human "groups" continue to haunt in various forms. People draw upon ideas of religion, race, ethnicity, gender and sexuality, and nation to draw distinctions. Racism, xenophobia, sexism, and right-wing populism are ongoing and increasing phenomena. In addition, genetic science has introduced new forms of "proof " which lends itself to misuse, to confirm "common sense perceptions". The valuable contributions of the authors in this publication not only warn against such notions, but offer ways of exploring, exposing, and challenging the ghosts and the fears engendered through their contemporary forms.