All small things considered: the diversity of fungi, bacteria and oomycota isolated from the seagrass, Zostera marina

Abstract

Fungi in the marine environment are often neglected as a research topic, despite that fungi having critical roles on land as decomposers, pathogens or beneficial endophytes. Here we used culture-dependent methods to survey the fungi associated with the seagrass, Zostera marina, also obtaining bacteria and oomycete isolates in the process. A total of 108 fungi, 41 bacteria and 2 oomycetes were isolated. These isolates were then taxonomically identified using a combination of molecular and phylogenetic methods. The majority of the fungal isolates were classified as belonging to the classes Eurotiomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Sordariomycetes. Most fungal isolates were habitat generalists like Penicillium sp. and Cladosporium sp., but we also cultured a diverse set of rare taxa including possible habitat specialists like Colletotrichum sp. which may preferentially associate with Z. marina leaf tissue. Although the bulk of bacterial isolates were identified as being from known ubiquitous marine lineages, we also obtained several Actinomycetes isolates which might produce interesting secondary metabolites and a Phyllobacterium sp. which may be involved in nitrogen cycling in the seagrass ecosystem. We identified two oomycetes, another understudied group of marine microbial eukaryotes, as Halophytophthora sp. which may be opportunistic pathogens of Z. marina. Overall, this study generates a culture collection of fungi, bacteria and oomycetes which expands knowledge of the diversity of Z. marina associated microbes and highlights a need for more investigation into the functional and evolutionary roles of microbial eukaryotes associated with seagrasses.

Fungi, bacteria and oomycota opportunistically isolated from the seagrass, Zostera marina

“…The resulting phylogenies were then visualized with the ggtree (v. 2.0.1), treeio(v. 1.11.2), ggplot2 (v. 3.2.1), and tidyverse (v. 1.3.0) packages in R (v. 3.6.0) and clade labels were added in Adobe Photoshop CS6 [ 66 , 67 , 82 – 85 ] ( S1 File ). Alignments and phylogenies generated here were deposited to Dryad [ 86 ].…”