All-printed 3D hierarchically structured cellulose aerogel based triboelectric nanogenerator for multi-functional sensors

Cellulose‐Based Fully Green Triboelectric Nanogenerators with Output Power Density of 300 W m−2

“…Cellulose is generally considered to have a low triboelectric effect [ 15 ] because of its low charge affinity. Therefore, a few studies [ 14,15,17,18 ] have been carried out using cellulose materials as tribolayers. However, a recent study [ 19 ] has indicated that cellulose acetate has a higher triboelectric effect than polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).…”

Bio‐Derived Natural Materials Based Triboelectric Devices for Self‐Powered Ubiquitous Wearable and Implantable Intelligent Devices

“…In order to efficiently collect the wide range of various environmental mechanical energies, such as walking, tapping, sliding etc., four modes of TENGs have been proposed and demonstrated, including lateral sliding mode, [56][57][58][59] vertical contact-separation mode, [45,52,60,61] freestanding mode, [62][63][64] and single-electrode mode. [24,48,50,65,66] Compared with traditional mechanical energy harvesting devices based on mechanisms such as piezoelectric [19,67,68] and electromagnetic effects, [69][70][71] TENG has its advantages regarding the versatile material selection, lightweight, flexibility, low cost, high conversion efficiency, etc.…”

“…Inkjet printing [128] 1) High throughput 2) Controllable droplets 1) Printing resolution is limited by printhead and ink formulation 3D printing [61] 1) Complex 3D structures 2) Regular porosity 1) Poor fatigue strength 2) Time-consuming 3) Surface roughness Electrospinning [39] 1) Continuous nanofiber fabrication with diameter from 50 nm to 5 µm.…”

“…[265,[266][267][268][269][270][271] The common materials that can be 3D-printed include metals/ alloys, [272][273][274][275] (e.g., aluminum (Al) alloys, stainless, titanium, and its alloys), polymers and composites, [276][277][278][279] (e.g., polycarbonate (PC) and polylactic acid (PLA)), ceramics and biomaterials, (e.g., cellulose, silk, chitosan) etc. [61,174,249,[280][281][282][283] However, the fatigue strength of 3D printed objects is usually unsatisfactory due to the porosity and surface roughness of the printed structures, which necessitates the complex and expensive postmanufacturing treatments, e.g., hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and heat treatments, for improving the mechanical strength of 3D printed objects. [249,255,284,285] Moreover, the soft mechanical nature of polymers and biomaterials limits their printability in 3D structures.…”

“…[249,255,284,285] Moreover, the soft mechanical nature of polymers and biomaterials limits their printability in 3D structures. [61,255,283,286,287] Recent research shows that fiber reinforcement is an effective approach for improving the mechanical properties of the polymers and biomaterials in 3D printing. [286][287][288] 3D printing has been widely used for printing applications in tissue engineering, implantable devices, drug delivery, diagnostic platforms as well as TENG devices.…”