All‐Polystyrene 3D‐Printed Electrochemical Device with Embedded Carbon Nanofiber‐Graphite‐Polystyrene Composite Conductor

Rymansaib, Zuhayr; Iravani, Pejman; Emslie, Edward; Medvidović‐Kosanović, Martina; Sak-Bosnar, Milan; Verdejo, Raquel; Marken, Frank

doi:10.1002/elan.201600017

Cited by 150 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In the other approach, the objects are directly printed with conductive materials [12][13][14][15][16][17]. The second approach is more efficient, and its application areas include electronic sensors [18,19], paper electronics [20], light-emitting diodes [21], microbatteries [22], and electrodes [23,24]. The conductive materials for 3D printing mainly comprise metal, carbon, and their polymer composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistivity and Its Anisotropy Characterization of 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Copolymer (ABS)/Carbon Black (CB) Composites

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2017

Applied Sciences

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Abstract:The rapid printing of 3D parts with desired electrical properties enables numerous applications. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) using conductive thermoplastic composites has been a valuable approach for such fabrication. The parts produced by FDM possess various controllable structural features, but the effects of the structural features on the electrical properties remain to be determined. This study investigated the effects of these features on the electrical resistivity and resistivity anisotropy of 3D-printed ABS/CB composites. The effects of the process parameters of FDM, including the layer thickness, raster width, and air gap, on the resistivity in both the vertical and horizontal directions for cubic samples were studied because the internal structure of the printed parts depended on those process parameters. The resistivities of printed parts in different parameter combinations were measured by an impedance analyzer and finite element models were created to investigate the relationship between the resistivity and the internal structure. The results indicated that the parameters remarkably affected the resistivity due to the influence of voids and the bonding condition between adjacent fibers. The resistivity in the vertical direction ranged from 70.40 ± 2.88 Ω·m to 180.33 ± 8.21 Ω·m, and the resistivity in the horizontal direction ranged from 41.91 ± 2.29 Ω·m to 58.35 ± 0.61 Ω·m at the frequency of 1 kHz. Moreover, by adjusting the resistivities in different directions, the resistivity anisotropy of the printed parts can be manipulated from 1.01 to 3.59. This research may serve as a reference to fabricate parts with sophisticated geometry with desired electrical resistivity and resistivity anisotropy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistivity and Its Anisotropy Characterization of 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Copolymer (ABS)/Carbon Black (CB) Composites

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2017

Applied Sciences

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“…have created the first fully 3D printed electrochemical cell using a low cost 3D printer, in which carbon black working and counter macroelectrodes have been 3D printed for electrosynthetic applications. Not only is this fabrication methodology being used for laboratory reaction vessels, Rymansaib et al 17. have utilised a 3D printed electrode as a potential electrochemical sensor for the detection of lead (II) within an acidic aqueous solution.…”

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confidence: 99%

3D Printed Graphene Based Energy Storage Devices

Foster

Down

Zhang

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

371

284

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3D printing technology provides a unique platform for rapid prototyping of numerous applications due to its ability to produce low cost 3D printed platforms. Herein, a graphene-based polylactic acid filament (graphene/PLA) has been 3D printed to fabricate a range of 3D disc electrode (3DE) configurations using a conventional RepRap fused deposition moulding (FDM) 3D printer, which requires no further modification/ex-situ curing step. To provide proof-of-concept, these 3D printed electrode architectures are characterised both electrochemically and physicochemically and are advantageously applied as freestanding anodes within Li-ion batteries and as solid-state supercapacitors. These freestanding anodes neglect the requirement for a current collector, thus offering a simplistic and cheaper alternative to traditional Li-ion based setups. Additionally, the ability of these devices’ to electrochemically produce hydrogen via the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) as an alternative to currently utilised platinum based electrodes (with in electrolysers) is also performed. The 3DE demonstrates an unexpectedly high catalytic activity towards the HER (−0.46 V vs. SCE) upon the 1000th cycle, such potential is the closest observed to the desired value of platinum at (−0.25 V vs. SCE). We subsequently suggest that 3D printing of graphene-based conductive filaments allows for the simple fabrication of energy storage devices with bespoke and conceptual designs to be realised.

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“…Another advantage of FDM is that devices incorporating fluid handling and sensing elements can be fabricated in a single step using multi-material printing [37][38][39]. FDM printed electrochemical sensors employing graphene/PLA have been used to detect neurotransmitters [40,41] pharmaceuticals [42], explosives [43], and heavy metals [44][45][46][47]. In spite of a significant amount of attention, a thorough investigation of 3D printed sensors for heavy metal quantification has not yet been presented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace Analysis of Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Hg) Using Native and Modified 3D Printed Graphene/Poly(Lactic Acid) Composite Electrodes

et al. 2020

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Here we investigate the use of 3D printed graphene/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) electrodes for quantifying trace amounts of Hg, Pb, and Cd. We prepared cylindrical electrodes by sealing a 600 μm diameter graphene/PLA filament in a pipette tip filled with epoxy. We characterized the electrodes using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry in ferrocene methanol. The physical characterization showed a significant amount of disorder in the carbon structure and the electrochemical characterization showed quasi‐reversible behavior without any electrode pretreatment. We then used unmodified graphene/PLA electrode to quantify Hg, and Pb and Cd in 0.01 M HCl and 0.1 M acetate buffer using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. We were able to quantify Hg with a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.1 nM (1.2 ppb), but Pb and Cd did not present measurable peaks at concentrations below ∼400 nM. We improved the LODs for Pb and Cd by depositing Bi microparticles on the graphene/PLA and, after optimization, achieved clear stripping peaks at the 20 nM level for both ions (4.1 and 2.2 ppb for Pb2+ and Cd2+, respectively). The results obtained for all three metals allowed quantification below the US Environmental Protection Agency action limits in drinking water.

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All‐Polystyrene 3D‐Printed Electrochemical Device with Embedded Carbon Nanofiber‐Graphite‐Polystyrene Composite Conductor

Cited by 150 publications

References 34 publications

Resistivity and Its Anisotropy Characterization of 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Copolymer (ABS)/Carbon Black (CB) Composites

Resistivity and Its Anisotropy Characterization of 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Copolymer (ABS)/Carbon Black (CB) Composites

3D Printed Graphene Based Energy Storage Devices

Trace Analysis of Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Hg) Using Native and Modified 3D Printed Graphene/Poly(Lactic Acid) Composite Electrodes

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