All poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) organic electrochemical transistor to amplify amperometric signals

Gualandi, Isacco; Scavetta, Erika; Mariani, Federica; Tonelli, Domenica; Tessarolo, Marta

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.091

Cited by 29 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…A linear decrease of E SECM from S to D confirmed the linear regime of operation. Moreover, when a reducing analyte (AA) is added (Figure D, triangles), its oxidation can take place at the gate or at the channel of an all‐polymeric OECT depending on the applied V g and, consequently, on the relative electrochemical potentials assumed by the organic gate and channel . Compared to the buffer solution, in the presence of AA the recorded E SECM drops to lower values as its oxidation always leads to a dedoping of the OECT channel.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microscopic Determination of Carrier Density and Mobility in Working Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Mariani

Conzuelo

Cramer

et al. 2019

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voltages. For this reason, these devices have entered successfully the fields of biosensors and bioelectronics, unfolding their innovative potential in biomolecules detection, [2][3][4][5] electrophysiology, [6][7][8] in vitro and in vivo cellular recordings. [9][10][11] Currently, intensive research effort is focused on novel OECT channel materials [12] and architectures [13] to gain faster response time, increased sensitivity, and lower power consumption targeting new applications in wearable technology and health care. [14][15][16][17][18] Despite their well-established relevance in the development of novel biotechnologies, the device physics still lacks a comprehensive understanding. Operational models able to accurately define and interpret the device working principle are required, as they would reveal well-aimed strategies for metrics refinement and guide targeted optimization of novel materials. Therefore, an improved knowledge of OECTs operation would impact on applications requiring higher sensitivity and amplification of the output signal, fast response time as well as selectivity.In a typical OECT configuration, an organic film deposited between two metal electrodes, that is, source (grounded) and drain collectors, and a gate electrode are in contact with the same electrolyte solution. The organic material constituting the transistor channel is usually poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythioph ene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), that is, a polyelectrolyte complex containing a degenerately p-doped semiconductor (PEDOT) and a polyelectrolyte counterion (PSS). The presence of multiple phases in thin films of PEDOT:PSS at the nanoscale has been revealed by scanning probe microscopy. Pancake-shaped PEDOT-rich islands are separated by lamellas of PSS-rich domains, thus forming a blend of electronic and ionic phases. [19] Mixed ionic and electronic transport is crucial in OECT operation and originates from the reversible doping/ dedoping mechanism of the organic film. It is well known that doping and dedoping of conjugated polymers like PEDOT rely on reversible electrochemical redox processes (oxidation and reduction, respectively). [20] Electrochemical doping is the phenomenon that rules OECTs operation and is driven by the applied potential between the polymer in the channel and the gate material. Concurrently, cations from the electrolyte are needed to compensate the charge excess of PSS − when PEDOT is dedoped and therefore the speed of electrochemical doping depends on the rate of the ionic flux across the electrolyte. [21] A comprehensive understanding of electrochemical and physical phenomena originating the response of electrolyte-gated transistors is crucial for improved handling and design of these devices. However, the lack of suitable tools for direct investigation of microscale effects has hindered the possibility to bridge the gap between experiments and theoretical models. In this contribution, a scanning probe setup is used to explore the operation mechanisms of organic electrochemical transistors b...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microscopic Determination of Carrier Density and Mobility in Working Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Mariani

Conzuelo

Cramer

et al. 2019

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“…Notably, they have been largely the preferred structure for organic bioelectronic sensing. [62][63][64][65][66] A Web-of-Science search returns in fact at least twice as many papers published on electrochemical transistor sensors as for electrolyte-gated sensors. An OECT is structurally like an EGOFET as it comprises a channel, with its semiconducting layer across the source and drain contacts as well as a gate, all immersed in an electrolyte (Fig.…”

Section: The Organic Electrochemical Transistorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

About the amplification factors in organic bioelectronic sensors

et al. 2020

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“…The most important feature of OECTs is their amplification property. A recent review by Gualandi et al [31] describes very well the relation between the amperometric gate current, apparent gate voltage and drain current. The figure of merit corresponding to amplification is called the gain.…”

Section: Functioning Principlesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Fabrication and Use of Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Sensing of Metabolites in Aqueous Media

et al. 2018

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Featured Application: Sensing organic molecules in water.Abstract: This review first recalls the basic functioning principles of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) then focuses on the transduction mechanisms applicable to OECTs. Materials constituting the active semiconducting part are reviewed, from the historical conducting polymers (polyaniline, polypyrrole) to the actual gold standard, poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene: polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS), as well as the methods used to fabricate these transistors. The review then focuses on applications of OECTs for the detection of small molecules and more particularly of metabolites, with a distinction between enzymatic and non-enzymatic transduction pathways. Finally, the few patents registered on the topic of OECT-based biosensors are reviewed, and new tracks of improvement are proposed. applied to biosensing quite early, associated with enzymes [4][5][6]. This is because, due to their functioning mechanism (already identified at the time), they brought into play the same charge carriers as most biological functions, i.e., electrons but also ions, and were therefore sensitive both to electron transfer to/from redox enzymes or ions (e.g., protons) produced from other types of enzymes. This is a characteristic which distinguished them from organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), which started to raise the attention of researchers exactly at the same period (precisely, 1983 for the first polyacetylene-based OFET [7]), and a few years later for applications to gas sensing (halogens, ammonia, oxygen [8-10] or even vapors of H 2 O, NO or H 2 O 2 [11][12][13][14]). However, OFETs never really produced any applicable results in the framework of biosensors in aqueous environment because of high operating voltages, of several tens of volts, which impede any measurements because of water electrolysis. Ion-sensitive organic field-effect transistors (ISOFETs), based on the same working principles of their inorganic counterparts (ISFETs) developed earlier [15,16], solved this problem of high operating potential, the electrolyte being not in direct contact with the semiconductor. However, these devices were confined mostly to protons detection [17][18][19] or, in any case, to charged species.As we show in this review, OECTs use both potentiometry and amperometry in their working principles. In that sense, OECTs are devices that represent a bridge between ISOFETs and classical amperometry, which certainly explains their success. This area of research is very active and several reviews have already been published on OECTs in general, for example by Kergoat et al. [1] or Rivnay et al. [3], or on OECTs applied to biology, for example by Liao and Yan [20], Liao et al. [21], Strakosas et al. [22] or . This present review, after going back to the basic functioning principles, along with details on transductions applicable to OECTs, reviews materials, fabrication techniques and then sensing applications. We focus on the detection of small molecules and more part...

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All poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) organic electrochemical transistor to amplify amperometric signals

Cited by 29 publications

References 22 publications

Microscopic Determination of Carrier Density and Mobility in Working Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Microscopic Determination of Carrier Density and Mobility in Working Organic Electrochemical Transistors

About the amplification factors in organic bioelectronic sensors

Fabrication and Use of Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Sensing of Metabolites in Aqueous Media

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