All-organic and organic-silicon photonic ring micro-resonators

Abstract

Organic electro-optic materials offer exceptional processability (both from solution and the gas phase) that permit fabrication of flexible and conformal device structures and the integration of organic materials with a wide range of disparate materials. In addition, organic electro-optical materials have fundamental response times that are in the terahertz region, and useable electro-optic coefficients that are approaching 300 pm/V (at telecommunication wavelengths). In addition to fabrication by traditional lithographic methods, multiple devices on a single wafer have been fabricated by soft and nano-imprint lithography. In this presentation, we review the fabrication and performance evaluation of a number of all-organic and organic-silicon photonic ring microresonator devices. Both electrical and thermal tuning of devices, including both single and multiple ring micro-resonators, are demonstrated.

Electric Field Poled Organic Electro-optic Materials: State of the Art and Future Prospects

“…More complex prototype devices such as high bandwidth acoustic spectrum analyzers have also been demonstrated . Indeed, many more devices and applications relevant to telecommunications, computing, and defense could be cited but lie beyond the scope of this review; however, we would like to call the reader’s attention to two application areas that have received little attention in the past but are of growing interest: (1) electro-optic sensors based on ring microresonators − and (2) terahertz technology applications. ,− Obviously, organic electro-optic materials are sensors for any phenomenon that results in a change in index of refraction and as such can be used to sense a wide range of physical and chemical phenomena. The most obvious application is the sensing of electromagnetic radiation (from dc to tens of terahertz).…”

Integrated optical devices for lab‐on‐a‐chip biosensing applications

“…Compact ring resonators with optimal photonic properties and optimal sensitivity can be fabricated (see Figure 5) including complex configurations incorporating multiple resonators. Different materials such as glass-based [103,104], Si x N y -SiO 2 [105] or polymer-based [106][107][108][109] ring resonators have been reported and applied to DNA, proteins or bacteria detection [104] (Figure 5.A.). Recently special attraction is gaining silicon-on-insulator (SOI)-based resonators [110].…”

Organic electro-optic glasses for WDM applications

“…There is not sufficient space to describe research on both all-organic and organic OEO/silicon photonic hybrid ring microresonators and the theory behind device design. The reader is referred to recent publications 9,[17][18][19][20][21][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] for a broader picture including to the fabrication of all-organic device structures by more novel techniques such as nanoimprint [17][18][19][20][21] and two-photon 42,44 lithography. Here we focus on presenting two different approaches to the fabrication of hybrid devices where the low dielectric breakdown threshold of silicon provides a challenge to induction of electro-optic activity by electric field poling.…”

“…With lithium niobate, material loss is insignificant (∼ 0.2 dB/cm) and insertion loss is limited by index matching rather than mode size matching. A variety of novel device structures, including stripline, [31][32][33][34] cascaded prism, 35 all-organic ring microresonator, [17][18][19][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] and OEO/silicon photonic ring microresonator 20,21 structures have been fabricated from organic electro-optic materials.…”