All-Optical Ultra-Fast Graphene-Photonic Crystal Switch

Azizpour, Mohammad Reza Jalali; Soroosh, Mohammad; Dalvand, Narges; Seifi-Kavian, Yousef

doi:10.3390/cryst9090461

Cited by 38 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Energy-efficient data modulators (regardless of the network architecture) will be the key factor in lowering the overall system energy consumption. Optical modulators can be implemented on a combination of different technologies, such as photonics [67], III-V compound [68], barium titanate [69], or graphene [70][71][72]. Nonetheless, existing technologies still face some challenges to meet not only energy-per-bit efficiency, but also bandwidth and footprint needs [73].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first graphene-based electro-absorption modulator was demonstrated in 2011 [74]. Since then, several graphene integrated modulators have been proposed [70][71][72][74][75][76][77][78]. Graphene-based modulators have already demonstrate their ability to outperform traditional modulators, but there is still plenty of room for optimization [68,72,[78][79][80][81].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beyond 5G Fronthaul Based on FSO Using Spread Spectrum Codes and Graphene Modulators

Neves

Sanches

Nobrega

et al. 2023

Sensors

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High data rate coverage, security, and energy efficiency will play a key role in the continued performance scaling of next-generation mobile systems. Dense, small mobile cells based on a novel network architecture are part of the answer. Motivated by the recent mounting interest in free-space optical (FSO) technologies, this paper addresses a novel mobile fronthaul network architecture based on FSO, spread spectrum codes, and graphene modulators for the creation of dense small cells. The network uses an energy-efficient graphene modulator to send data bits to be coded with spread codes for achieving higher security before their transmission to remote units via high-speed FSO transmitters. Analytical results show the new fronthaul mobile network can accommodate up to 32 remote antennas under error-free transmissions with forward error correction. Furthermore, the modulator is optimized to provide maximum efficiency in terms of energy consumption per bit. The optimization procedure is carried out by optimizing both the amount of graphene used on the ring resonator and the modulator’s design. The optimized graphene modulator is used in the new fronthaul network and requires as low as 4.6 fJ/bit while enabling high-speed performance up to 42.6 GHz and remarkably using one-quarter of graphene only.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond 5G Fronthaul Based on FSO Using Spread Spectrum Codes and Graphene Modulators

Neves

Sanches

Nobrega

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…Similarly, using Quantum Dots (QDs) to observe the mechanisms of optical switching and achieve higher rates of transmittance and flat bandwidth using latch function is premediated in [42] and through Symmetric Mach Zehnder (SMZ) type in [43]. Plasmonics effects are utilized for optical switching using a strip of graphene layer onto a structure of PhCs in [44] and the mechanism is investigated using graphene rods in [45]. An approach of using concepts of mott phase change material in PhCs-based structure responsible for the shifting of the optical bandgap is investigated in [46] and using polymer waveguides with high thermos-optic and electro-optic in [47].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 3-Dimensional Modelling of the Optical Switch Based on Guided Mode Resonances in Photonic Crystals

Rehman¹,

Khan²,

Irfan³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Optical switching is an essential part of photonic integrated circuits and the focus of research at the moment. In this research, an optical switch design working on the phenomenon of the guided-mode resonances in 3D photonic crystals-based structure is reported. The optical-switching mechanism is studied in a dielectric slab-waveguide-based structure operating in the near-infrared range in a telecom window of 1.55 µm. The mechanism is investigated by interference of two signals, i.e., the data signal and the control signal. The data signal is coupled into the optical structure and filtered utilizing guided-mode resonance, whereas, the control signal is index guided in the optical structure. The amplification or de-amplification of the data signal is controlled by tuning the spectral properties of the optical sources and structural parameters of the device. The parameters are optimized first using a single-cell model with periodic boundary conditions and later in a finite 3D-FDTD model of the device. The numerical design is computed in an open-source Finite Difference Time Domain simulation platform. Optical amplification in the range of 13.75 % is achieved in the data signal with a decrease in the linewidth up to 0.0079 µm and a quality factor of 114.58. The proposed device presents great potential in the field of photonic integrated circuits, biomedical technology, and programmable photonics.

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“…Optical modulators based on graphene have outperformed traditional modulators in terms of the bandwidth, power consumption, and footprint. For example, several works have addressed the performance of graphene-based modulators [9,14,22,24,28]. However, they still have room for performance improvements, especially in the power consumption, bandwidth, and footprint.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power consumption analysis of an optical modulator based on different amounts of graphene

Neves¹,

Nobrega²,

Sanches³

et al. 2022

Opt. Continuum

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Energy-efficient devices will play a key role in the continued performance scaling of next-generation information and communications technology systems. Graphene has emerged as a key optoelectronic material with unique energy-like properties. But to the best of our knowledge, these advantages have not yet been fully exploited in optical modulators design. In this work, we design and analyze an optical modulator which is composed of two graphene layers and a ring resonator made with different amount of graphene. For performance analysis, the ring resonator's amount of graphene is varied from 25 to 100% with four discrete steps. The critical coupling condition representing the OFF-state, and the 3-dB transmission level representing the ON-state of the device are obtained. Numerical results show this new optical modulator consumes as little energy as 4.6 fJ/bit whilst achieving a high-speed operation with a bandwidth up to 42.6 GHz when employing surprisingly only 25% of graphene. The 42.6 GHz modulator has a footprint as small as 22.1 µm 2 with an active area of 1.68 µm 2 only, the smallest active area to date. Alternatively, the optical modulator achieves up to ∼88.5 GHz at the expense of consuming 17.5 fJ/bit when using 100% of graphene. The proposed graphene-based modulator proved to be a compact, energy-efficient, high-speed device, useful for a myriad of applications including mobile fronthaul, telecom, and datacom.

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All-Optical Ultra-Fast Graphene-Photonic Crystal Switch

Cited by 38 publications

References 72 publications

Beyond 5G Fronthaul Based on FSO Using Spread Spectrum Codes and Graphene Modulators

Beyond 5G Fronthaul Based on FSO Using Spread Spectrum Codes and Graphene Modulators

A 3-Dimensional Modelling of the Optical Switch Based on Guided Mode Resonances in Photonic Crystals

Power consumption analysis of an optical modulator based on different amounts of graphene

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