All Known Human Rhinovirus Species Are Present in Sputum Specimens of Military Recruits During Respiratory Infection

Savolainen-Kopra, Carita; Blomqvist, Soile; Kaijalainen, Svetlana; Jounio, Ulla; Juvonen, Raija; Peitso, Ari; Saukkoriipi, Annika; Vainio, Olli; Hovi, Tapani; Roivainen, Merja

doi:10.3390/v1031178

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…After the first isolation in 1962 from four children with respiratory illness, EV68 has been isolated rarely. 3,4,[7][8][9][10][11][12] Detailed clinical and epidemiological data are mostly limited or even lacking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upsurge of human enterovirus 68 infections in patients with severe respiratory tract infections

Rahamat‐Langendoen

Riezebos‐Brilman

Borger

et al. 2011

Journal of Clinical Virology

105

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upsurge of human enterovirus 68 infections in patients with severe respiratory tract infections

Rahamat‐Langendoen

Riezebos‐Brilman

Borger

et al. 2011

Journal of Clinical Virology

105

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“…These features probably reflect the tissue tropism of these viruses. EV-68 is a respiratory tract pathogen [160][161][162] and the primary future science group infection site of EV-70 is the cells of conjunctiva. Both of these viruses can occasionally infect CNS [163,164].…”

Section: Interspecies Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Newly Described Enteroviruses

Smura¹,

Savolainen-Kopra

Roivainen

2010

Future Virol.

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Enteroviruses (EVs) are small nonenveloped RNA viruses. The genus Enterovirus makes up the Picornaviridae family together with the genera Aphthovirus, Avihepatovirus, Cardiovirus, Erbovirus, Hepatovirus, Kobuvirus, Parechovirus, Sapelovirus, Senecavirus, Teschovirus and Tremovirus. Picornaviruses are classified in the order Picornavirales. The Enterovirus genus currently consists of ten species [301], which are further divided into multiple serotypes. An EV species is defined as a polythetic class of phylogenetically related serotypes or strains that share a limited range of natural hosts and host cell receptors, a significant degree of compatibility in proteolytic processing, replication, encapsidation and genetic recombination, greater than 70% amino acid identity in P1, 2C and 3CD proteins (for all EV genome map see Figure 1A and below) and have a genome (G+C) base composition that varies by no more than 2.5% [1]. Seven of the species; human EV (HEV)-A, HEV-B, HEV-C, HEV-D, human rhinovirus A (HRV-A), HRV-B and HRV-C, are known to infect humans ( Figure 1B). The other species of the genus infect monkeys (Simian EV-A and an as yet unclassified novel species consisting of types SV-6, EV-103 and EV-108 isolated from captive simians [2,3]), bovines (bovine EV) and pigs (porcine EV-B).The EV genome is a single-stranded positivesense RNA molecule of approximately 7500 nucleotides, consisting of a single open reading frame flanked by 5´ and 3´ noncoding regions (NCRs) [4]. The 5´ NCR contains two functional domains; a cloverleaf, which is a cis-acting element in viral replication [5,6] and an internal ribosome-binding site, which is essential for translation initiation [7][8][9]. The 3´ NCR forms highly conserved secondary and tertiary structures that are important in replication initiation [10][11][12][13]. The open reading frame is translated into a single, large polypeptide, which is subsequently cleaved by viral proteases (reviewed in [14]). The polypeptide is divided into three domains, P1-3, consisting of three to four proteins each. The P1 region contains viral capsid proteins VP1-4, whilst P2 and P3 contain the nonstructural proteins 2A-C and 3A-D, respectively ( Figure 1A).Several new EV serotypes and a new HRV species have been characterized in the Enterovirus genus recently. In this article we will focus on the evolution and emergence of new EVs. By definition a new EV type means a previously unknown capsid type, since recombination at the 5´NCR and nonstructural protein coding region appears to be a prominent feature for both new and previously known EV serotypes (see below, [15][16][17][18][19]). In this article we use the term new or newly described virus for those HEV and HRV types that have been characterized by molecular methods (sequence comparison) rather than by antigenical typing methods ('classic' HEV and HRV serotypes). Since at least most of the recently characterized new EVs are not newly arisen but rather newly detected (see below), the question about the origin of the new EV types can ...

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“…These and subsequent investigations have shown the proposed new species HRV-C to be remarkably prevalent, widely distributed geographically, and frequently associated with severe respiratory disease, both following primary infections, particularly in young children (24,25,29,32,59), and as an exacerbating factor in asthma and other chronic obstructive airway diseases (20,25,29,36). On the other hand, HRV-C has also been abundant in specimens collected from both children and adults with milder cases of respiratory disease (47,48).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Sites of Recombination in Human Rhinovirus Species C

McIntyre

Leitch

Savolainen-Kopra

et al. 2010

J Virol

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102

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Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a highly prevalent and diverse group of respiratory viruses. Although HRV-A and HRV-B are traditionally detected by virus isolation, a series of unculturable HRV variants have recently been described and assigned as a new species (HRV-C) within the picornavirus Enterovirus genus. To investigate their genetic diversity and occurrence of recombination, we have performed comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of sequences from the 5 untranslated region (5 UTR), VP4/VP2, VP1, and 3Dpol regions amplified from 89 HRV-C-positive respiratory samples and available published sequences. Branching orders of VP4/VP2, VP1, and 3Dpol trees were identical, consistent with the absence of intraspecies recombination in the coding regions. However, numerous tree topology changes were apparent in the 5 UTR, where >60% of analyzed HRV-C variants showed recombination with species A sequences. Two recombination hot spots in stem-loop 5 and the polypyrimidine tract in the 5 UTR were mapped using the program GroupingScan. Available HRV-C sequences showed evidence for additional interspecies recombination with HRV-A in the 2A gene, with breakpoints mapping precisely to the boundaries of the C-terminal domain of the encoded proteinase. Pairwise distances between HRV-C variants in VP1 and VP4/VP2 regions fell into two separate distributions, resembling inter-and intraserotype distances of species A and B. These observations suggest that, without serological cross-neutralization data, HRV-C genetic groups may be equivalently classified into types using divergence thresholds derived from distance distributions. The extensive sequence data from multiple genome regions of HRV-C and analyses of recombination in the current study will assist future formulation of consensus criteria for HRV-C type assignment and identification.

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All Known Human Rhinovirus Species Are Present in Sputum Specimens of Military Recruits During Respiratory Infection

Cited by 23 publications

References 30 publications

Upsurge of human enterovirus 68 infections in patients with severe respiratory tract infections

Upsurge of human enterovirus 68 infections in patients with severe respiratory tract infections

Evolution of Newly Described Enteroviruses

Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Sites of Recombination in Human Rhinovirus Species C

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