“All in” climate regime: federated states as autonomous participants to the Paris Agreement the cases of Québec and California

Abstract

Groupe d'études et de recherche sur l'international et le Québec (GÉRIQ). She holds a doctorate in public administration from the École nationale d'administration publique (ÉNAP) and specializes in environmental and climate policy issues in Québec and Canada, as well as in climate paradiplomacy issues.

Jakarta Sebagai Aktor Paradiplomasi Hijau Pada Masa Pemerintahan Anies Baswedan

“…Setzer [10] mendefinisikan istilah environmental paradiplomacy atau paradiplomasi lingkungan sebagai keterlibatan pemerintah daerah dalam hubungan internasional, yang dilakukan melalui dan/atau independen dari pemerintah nasional, yang bertujuan untuk mengatasi masalah lingkungan global. Sejumlah penstudi lain juga menyebut paradiplomasi lingkungan sebagai green paradiplomacy [11] dan climate paradiplomacy [12]- [14]. Dalam terminologi paradiplomasi hijau, semakin banyak literatur yang secara khusus mengeksplorasi aksi iklim global dari pemerintah daerah, terutama aksi ini dipimpin oleh entitas federasi di negara-negara Barat dan perkembangannya sangat pesat sebagai respon dari dampak perubahan iklim [15] .…”

“…Selain itu, studi lainnya terhadap California dan Quebec menunjukkan bahwa kedua wilayah tersebut (sebagai aktor paradiplomasi) telah menerapkan sebagian besar ketentuan utama Perjanjian Paris di yurisdiksi masing-masing. Bahkan, keduanya sepenuhnya mematuhi ketentuan konservasi, peningkatan penyerap, dan penyimpanan karbon serta pendidikan akan perubahan iklim [14]. Partisipasi global kota-kota juga mendapat perhatian, meskipun sebagian besar melalui jaringan kota transnasional seperti C40 Cities, dimana peran jaringan kota dalam membentuk common-ground harus menjadi bagian inti dari agenda mitigasi perubahan iklim.…”

Seen but overlooked? The emergence of regional leadership in polycentric climate governance after Paris

“…Their closer proximity to citizens, their greater flexibility than national governments, and the fact that they are responsible for many of the policy areas involved in climate policies (energy, transport, industry, housing, environment) explain the importance of regional governments in the implementation of climate policy (Cittadino et al 2022). For example, the regional governments of California and Quebec have been highly active during the last decades in evidencing their potential for coordinated efforts at all levels of governance by developing their climate policies while, many times, acting at the forefront of national policy targets (Chaloux, 2016;Leffel, 2018;Chaloux et al 2022).…”

“…In other words, climate leadership reflects broader debates of structural and system-wide fragmentation taking place at the global level through contention, competition, and collaboration governance dynamics (Risse, 1995;Nye, 2019;Kim, 2020). Understanding their relevance in the policy process of achieving global targets, but also recognizing the space given to non-party stakeholders in the Paris Agreement (Chaloux, 2022), a set of regional federal governments have made their case as actors of local implementation but also as actors of global-reaching influence (Giudicelli, 2022). Interestingly, the polycentric context brought by Paris opens a two-fold stage for regional federal governments: (1) the recognition to internally act beyond a mere relay for national efforts, and, therefore, design and implement their territorial policies aligned with specific contexts and according to their legislative capacities (Ibidem); (2) but also the recognition of action across traditional national boundaries by encouraging the external engagement in climate governance dynamics (Paquin, 2020).…”

“…The adoption of such strategy consists of the capacity to influence climate governance (i.e., leadership) in two dimensions: (1) domestically, by adopting its own climate ambitions (2) internationally, by actively enrolling in climate diplomacy activities that mobilize other actors to pursue the same climate ambitions. Although such phenomenon has remained overlooked by the literature, empirical evidence suggests that it is already taking place whereas some federated states have been acting as autonomous actors within the global climate regime structured around the Paris Agreement (Chaloux et al, 2022).…”